Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The purpose of this work was the search, mobilization and preservation of genetic apple-tree resources for studying and use of biodiversity of forms of cultural plants in a breeding process and production. The objects of research were the genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the process of scientific-research work the breeding programs and techniques including the techniques developed with participation of research associates of the Center of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticultural and Viticulture were used. The preservation and replenishment of genetic collection by new varieties and perfect forms of an apple-tree were the result of carried our research. The valuable genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy are selected: there are the sources of signs of fast bearing and dwarf vigor and high adaptation to a drought. The selected genotypes combine the immunity to a scab with high field resistance to mildew, as well as with the late term of blossoming that allow plants to avoid the damages by spring frosts. In the process of research work we have selected 2 new donors of immunity to a scab (12/1-21-25 and 12/2-21-65), and also the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of an apple-tree. The elite form 12/2-20-39 is selected as a source of fruit big size taking into accounts the long-term observations. The elite forms and new apple varieties with Vf genome are rather perspective for active use in a breeding when consecutive backcrossing process with highly productive varieties, possessing the high commercial characteristics of fruits, but susceptible to a scab, for receiving of high-quality, adaptive, immune to a scab apple-tree genotypes of new generation

Annotation

The results of plum breeding in the South of Russia are presented in the article. The hybrid plum forms have got using a wide variety of a genetic collection of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. These forms will be a basis for expansion of the existing assortment of this crop in the South of Russia and their use in the further breeding work. It is shown that the hybrid seedlings of NCRRH&V breeding have a rather high level of winter hardiness and resistance to the main diseases because in the process of their creation were used the highly adaptive plum varieties, such as Kabardinskaya Rannia, Prikubanskaya, Vengerka Albakha, President, Osennia and others. It is specified that the key importance in the process of variety creation has a selection of parental plum couples, possessing a complex of positive signs. The selection of valuable parental forms � sources of a complex of the signs, accelerating the breeding process, is possible as a result of use of a plum gene pool. The created hybrid forms are selected on adaptability (winter hardiness, resistance to diseases), and productivity (fast bearing, yielding) and quality of fruits (weight, size, tasting assessment). As a result of the carried out research it is selected the high winter-hardy hybrids such as 17-6-80, 17-6-82, 17-6-110, 17-6-123, and also 17-6-80 and 17-6-82 forms steady against the main diseases. The assessment of technical fruits indicators of the studied hybrids and productivity of plum seedlings has allowed to select the top quality, fast bearing and fruitful forms: 17-6-82 (19,8 kg / tree), 17-6-110 (21,0 kg / tree) and 17-6-123 (33,5 kg / tree). The short characteristic of the perspective plum hybrid forms selected in the course of breeding is presented in the article.

Annotation

The production genetic potential of 9 cherry varieties of home and foreign breeding was studied. The main components of the biological productivity (bouquet and fruit branch-es, annual shoots, fruiting buds), the features of their laying and their relationship are studied. The specificity of formation of biological potential of cherry trees depending on features of varieties and the age of fruit wood is shown. Identified the generative shoots, which form the greatest potential of productivity, that is the basis of fu-ture harvest. The advantage in the for-mation of the future harvest have the bouquet branches due more number and their high roductivity. In the process of research it is selected the Molodezhnaya, Erdi Boterno, Kirina, Shalunya, Nefris varieties with high bio-logical productivity of more than 30 bouquet branches/metre. It was found that the majority of bou-quet branches (49 %) of the cherry varie-ties under study consists 4-5 buds, which form the basis of future harvest. The bearing branches create the greater number of generative elements and 30 % of them form to 7 buds. How-ever, their number in the tree crown only 6%, unlike bouquet branches, that number prevails (86 %). The number of new shoots on the studied cherry trees is also small � 8 %. The most productive part of the basic trees branches � this is the branches of 2 to 4 years old, where the largest number (up to 95 %) of the generative shoots is formed. Accord-ing to result of research it is selected the cherry varieties with an optimal combination of economic and biological characteristics (high yield, large and commodity fruits) � Krasno-darskaya Sladkaya, Kirina and Vstrecha.

Annotation

The questions of adaptative resistance of apple-tree varieties of various ecological-geographical origin to hydrothermal conditions of the winter and summer periods of plants development in the North Caucasian region of Russia are considered in the article. In the process of carried out research the comparative data characterized a physiological condition of apple-tree studied varieties during the winter and summer periods of 2013-2016 are obtained. The modern physiological-biochemical and anatomical-morphological methods of research with use of highly effective ana-lytical equipment are used in the work. It is noted that tree ploidy apple varieties of the Souys and the Rodnichok of native breeding, and also the diploidy varieties of the Aydared (USA) and Precubansko-ye (native breeding) in a winter time on physiological and biochemical parameters show themselves as high winter-hardy, in comparison with others studied varieties. It is shown that biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to a low-temperature stress is reached due to synthesis of the increased amount of proline, su-crose, the phenolcarbonic, chlorogenic, ABA acids and peroxidase. It is established that during the summer vegetative period of 2013-2016 the tree ploidy apple varieties of the Soues and the Rodnichok, and also the diploidy of Precubanskoye (all varieties of native breeding) have the best ability to adapt to a high-temperature stress and a drought, in comparison with other studied varieties. In the leaves of these apple varieties under the condition of summer extremal temperatures it is accumulated, more form of water, proline, sucrose and ABA, made the protective function, are accumulated. The adaptation features of plants revealed in the course of the research prove the necessity of use of potential opportunities of native apple varieties for breeding process as sources of signs of winter hardiness and drought resistance.

Annotation

In the Anapa-Taman conditions (the summer period of 2014-2016) it is considered the questions of adaptation of various ecological and geographical origin grapes to abiotic and biotic stresses, and also the problem of formation mecha-nisms of their productivity. As a result of the carried out research the comparative data are obtained that characterizing a physiological condition of grapes plants when strengthening action of stressful factors. In the work the modern physiological and biochemical methods of research with the highly effective analytical equipment, and also methods of light microscopy have been used. The results of the carried out research have shown that the studied grapes varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under the influence of stressful factors made active the different systems and it is confirmed by change of key physiological and biochemical and anatomical and morphological indicators of plants. The various mechanisms of adaptation of the studied grapes varieties during vegetation to a drought and a high-temperature stress caused by their different ecological and geographical origin are revealed. The varieties with economical valuable properties perspective for use in the breeding and cultivation in the production orchards in the South of the Russian Federation are selected. In the process of studying of stability of grapes varieties to biotic stresses of the vegetation period it is established that at bigger content in the plants leaves of chlorogenic acid, that is metabolic precursor of a lignin and create of the adverse conditions for develop-ment of phytopathogens, the Crystal grapes are defected by mildew less, than plants of Krasnostop of AZOS and Dostoyny (Kcorrel. = 0,92). The high inverse correlation is revealed between intensity of development, percent of defeat of grapes plants by mildew and the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of grapes plants of the studied varieties (Kcorrel. = - 1).

Annotation

The fertilizers significant by effect the vital functions, harvest and grapes quality. Microfertilizers and growth regulators influence the growth of shoots, laying of fruit organs, leaves mass of bushes and a harvest of grapes. These indicators allow to predict the orchards productivity. The purpose of research is to reveal the influence of the different modes of mineral nutrition with use of PoliMiks-Agro preparation the growth processes of Moldova table grapes, the laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences, resistance of plants to a drought, productivity and quality of berries juice in the conditions of Anapa-Taman zone of wine growing. The PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer has applicated before blossoming and during active growth of berries and in two weeks before maturing of grapes. It is established that fertilizers have positively affected the shoot's productivity, the fruitfulness of bushes of Moldova grapes increased for 3-15 % The ratio of the connected and free water in the plant tissues is an indicator of plant resistance to dehydration, and consequently, also its adaptability under the water stress conditions. The biggest ratio of the connected and free water in the leaves the option with triple processing of grapes plants is characterized. The reliable changes of orchards productivity under the influence of PoliMiks-Agro are established. In comparison with control the harvest increase from fertilizers effect has made 2,4-3,8 t/hectare. The harvest increase is maximum when fertilizers are using in the norm of 2 liter/hectare. The research has shown that under the influence of microfertilizers the sugar content in the berries juice have increased and acidity of juice have decreased. The best indicators of sugar content of Moldova grapes were when processing of PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer in three time, on 1 liter/hectare.

Annotation

The influence of leaves dressing by the preparations containing in composition of melamine acid salt (Melafen) and silicon (Siliplant-u) has been studied. Their positive influence adaptability of basic plants to conditions of basic nursery placed on the sandy massif of the Ust-Donetsky territory of the Ros-tov Region is established. Processing of parent bushes leaves by these preparations considerably improved their growth indicators, promoted the high-quality changing of morphological parameters of plants development and vine maturing, increased in water-retaining ability of leaves. The greatest effect was noted in the options of application of the Melafen preparation. The application of this preparation promoted the reliable increase in a shoot length and growth of a bush. In this option is noted the increase in the area of one leaf and total area of a parent plant leaves, also is noted the improvement of the majority parameters of plants maturing. The use of the microfertilizer containing silicon (Siliplant-U) available to plants in the composition also on the majority of the studied indexes gave a stable positive effect in comparison with a control option. It is established that not root processings considerably influence water-retaining ability of the leaves. In a process of vegetation the values of this parameter in all options of experience considerably change. The leaves have the highest water-retaining ability at the beginning of vegetation (in May), and the least ability the leaves have in the end of vegetation (October). Content of nonvolatile solids in the leaves (% to water), on the contrary, during vegetation increases, and the content of water at the same time respectively falls. Throughout vegetation the best water-retaining ability of leaves was marked out most often in an option with combined use of a complex mineral fertilizer and �elafen preparation.

Annotation

The basis of modern technologies of cultivation of fruit and berry crops are the physiological and biological regularities of plants development. This circumstance assumes the development of the high-quality technologies providing the steadily high productivity of fruit orchards. In this regard the most important direction of scientific research in a nursery keeping is studying and an assessment of efficiency of plants growth stimulators and the organic-mineral fertilizers and antistressants. It was a main task of our work. The research was carried out with a gooseberry for revival of this valuable crop. The rooting of gooseberry varieties in a nursery was carried out on the basis of LLC EPF of K.A. Timeryazev in the Ust-Labinsk district of Krasnodar Region. The field methods of research of plants growth and development indexes and mathematic-statistic techniques of processing of the obtained data were used in the work. The carried out statistic analysis has shown a considerable specific reaction of the studied gooseberry genotypes on not root top dressing by various organic and mineral fertilizers, such as Raykat development, Aminokat, and of IAA stimulator of growth and root creation. The carried out research have re-vealed also the various extent of influence of IAA growth factor and the organic and mineral fertilizers the efficiency of reproduction of gooseberry varieties in the nursery by method of horizontal layers. The data of the three-factorial dispersive analysis of dynamics of growth and development of gooseberry layers, when processing uterine plants, by the preparations studied in an experiment, the influence of prep arations such indicators as quantity of plant roots and total length of roots have proved. The efficiency of use of the studied preparations in the nursery and degree on their influence the development of gooseberry varieties are revealed

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Fruits and berries are the important and irreplaceable component of the population balanced diet. In this article the results of studying of the chemical composition of currant berries are given, their high nutrition and biological value, and also antioxidant properties is noted. The difference of varieties and the level of accumulation of soluble solids, sugars (including glucose, fructose, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic), vitamins, polyphenols and pectina substances are established. It is shown that currant berries in the food are the sources of functional ingredients, such as sugar, presented generally by fructose and glucose, vitamins C and P, anthocyans, pectin substances. The specific peculiarity of currant is high acidity of berries � more than 2 %. The medicine and prophylactic properties of currant berries connect with the high level of pectin's accumulation � more than 1 %: Podarok Leta variety � 1,14%, Celechenskaya � 1,03 %. The blackcurrant berries content the big quantity of vitamins, in comparison with red current, the contain of vitamin C more by 4 time on average, of vitamin P � twice more. It is selected the blackcurrant varieties of Muravushka, Nara, Perun � are the sources of high content of biologically active substances: the content of vitamin C in the berries more than 100 mg, 130 mg of vitamin P and 300 mg of anthocyans in 100 g of berries. Among the studied varieties of red currant on a complex of biochemical indicators the varieties of Dar Orla, Podarok Leta are interesting because they content more than 30 mg / 100 of vitamin C in berries and more than 85 mg / 100 of vitamin P

Annotation

The modern choose of varieties in the industrial wine growing is directed on the varieties with high competitiveness in the consumer market, at the same time the new highly productive varieties capable to produce the original wines are of interest. For possibility of expansion of assortment of industrial viticulture in the Temryuk district of Krasnodar Region the areas for cultivate of the introduced technical grapes varieties of the Greek breeding are selected. These varieties are early bearing and differ in very high productivity (25-30 t/hectare and more). The varieties are undemanding to soils, grow well on poor, dry and lime soils, differ in high drought resistance. In comparison with the zoned technical varieties of the Black Sea area the grapes varieties of the Greek breeding are more winter-hardy, cold-stable and with high stability to mildew, gray decay and an oidium. Due to noted advantages these varieties are of undoubted interest to deeper studying of features of chemical and biochemical grapes com-position to determine a possibility of varieties cultivation in the conditions of the region and for the choice of the direction of their using. In this work the assessment of indexes of the quality of the grapes mash received from the new grapes varieties of the Greek breeding growing in the conditions of the Taman subband of the Krasnodar Region has been carried out. It is shown that the different terms of grapes harvesting considerably influence the mass concentration of sugars in a grapes mash from the studied varieties, however it is not essential changes the titrable acidity of a mash. The results of the analysis we have been compared with an organoleptic assessment of table dry wine materials, and it has allowed to select the new perspective grapes variety of Singros for production of qualitative table white wines.

Annotation

Apple-tree is the leader in the harvesting and square of orchards in the horticulture of Russia. The development of protection systems from harmful organisms, as a way to increase in yield, is widely studied and put into practice of horticulture. At the same time, the morphological and physiological features of generative capacity and bearing in connection with pathogenesis of major apple diseases were not investigated enough. The aim of this research is to learn an apple organogenesis in the connection with the pathophytocenosis dynamics (for example, scab and powdery mildew of apple). The basic method of study is the morphological-physiological analysis, which combines the study of intra-buds development and the morphometry of the extra-buds development of shoots, leaves, flowers, ovary and fruits in the connection with the pathogenesis of the studied apple tree diseases. The results of studying of apple-tree organogenesis and analysis of the special features of the pathogenesis of the apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm.), show that both processes depend on the climatic conditions in the location of agrical phytopathocenosis. The mechanism of regulation of apple tree organogenesis and development of pathophytocenosis of cultivation zone of orchards, are the climatic conditions (temperature regime, duration of day, amount of precipitation and others) and the degree of joining is sufficiently close. As consequence, the analysis of the process of apple-tree generative development makes possible to determine not only the data of the harvesting, the methods and the degree of pruning, the norm and the regimes of irrigation, and the introduction of fertilizers, but also the norms and the regimes of the pesticides application, which can be corrected taking into account the data of morphological-physiological analysis.

Annotation

One of the most damaging strawberry diseases are root rots. Expansion of the species composition and increase the number of the most dangero us organisms is marked on the plantations of this culture. The objects of study are the causative agents of strawberry root and basal rots, as well as promising strawberry varieties of in the nursery orchards of EPF "Centralnoe" (Krasnodar). In the Krasnodar Region is marked the damage of strawberry tendrils by fungis of the Phytophthora genus � a new pathogen for our region. The damage of genus Fusarium is marked last years. In 2015 it was found on the berries and in 2016 it was found on the strawberry tendrils and on the root system. As a result of fito monitoring of root rot in the strawberry agricultural cenosis it was selected the most damaged varieties of Cleary, Onda, Syria, Elizabeth. The damage per cent of Phytophthora fungi of all studied samples was 6.3. The harmfulness of Anthracnose � Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds was fixed for all testing varieties and the percentage of damage of this desease is 22.6. The causative agent of root rot � Fusarium spp. was also noted on studied varieties in the experiment, its damage of plants was 76.8 %. Today it is a significant threat for strawberry orchards. We were found that in the strawberry agricultural cenosis the fungi of the genus of Phytophthora spp. and the fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds become active. Their harmfulness on the strawberry plantations under favorable weather conditions is 60 to 85 %. Phytophtora of strawberry is a new and rather unexplored disease for our region. And it can be assumed that because of climatic changes, the pathogen will be greatest on the harmfulness for strawberry. The fungi of Fusarium spp. genus causing a root rot of strawberry, become very dangerous for nursery strawberry plantation, and it may greatly affect the quality of planting material.

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In recent years, the wine market was an increase in demand for red sparkling wines, and the quality of these wines depends on the origin row material. The grapes variety can obtain the high-quality products only under certain environmental conditions and in case of the use of farming practices that are most appropriate to the agric and biological features and the direction of the crop. It is therefore particularly important and relevant the careful selection of grapes varieties, the most promising with set of commercially valuable properties (yield, disease resistance, crop quality, etc.) and biological characteristics (adaptability and development stability under specific natural conditions), which are the raw materials for the quality winemaking. Breeders of AZESV&W (Anapa) created a whole new set of red grapes varieties, characterized by an increased resistance to diseases, pests, high productivity, early and very early ripening, and other positive qualities. Therefore, the current area of research is the study of grapes varieties of AZESV&W breeding to determine their technological orientation and to determine the possibility of their using for making of red sparkling wine. The article presents the results of study on the selection and justification of possibility of use of new varieties of AZESV&W breeding to produce the red sparkling wine. It was found that the grapes varieties of Cabernet AZES, Krasnostop AZES and Harmonia are not inferior to Cabernet Sauvignon and they can be used to produce the red sparkling sweet wines of high quality.

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The genetic cherry capacity grown up in the Nakhchyvan Autonomous Republic includes 66,7 % of local varieties and 33,3 % of introduced varieties. The purpose of our research is the definition of productivity of cherry forms cultivated in the Nakhchyvan AR taking into account the use of the biometric indexes. The objects of research are twelve cherry forms, and the zoned variety as a control was taken. For determining of indexes of trees productivity the methodical grants are used. It is established that the trees height of the cherry forms which are grown up in the Nakhchyvan is 3,0-5,0 m. The highest rates of volume and area of a crown projection are determined for cherry form of Kotam-2 (70,7 m3 and 16,6 sq.m). For 66,7 % of cherry forms the efficiency coefficient on crown volume is higher, than the coefficient of control variety. The efficiency coefficient on an indicator "the area of a crown projection" for cherry forms were 1,10-3,42 kg/m2. The index of average productivity varies in an interval 14,80-39,65 kg/tree, at 58,3 % of cherry forms this index is higher, than at a control variety (32,45 kg/tree). The highest average productivity is noted at Bulgan-2 cherry (39,65 kg/tree). The research have shown that the optimum of nutrition area for the studied cherry forms is directly proportional to diameter of crown. The index � optimal trees number on hectare � is inversely proportional to an index of the optimal nutrition area of plants. The productivity of 75 % of the studied cherry forms is higher, than the productivity of a control variety. It is specified that the promising forms of cherry with a high of productivity index can be used for restoration of the existing orchards, for the laying of highly productive industrial gardens and for the use in the breeding research.

Annotation

Now the problem of lying of strawberry's industrial plantings with the certified landing material is particularly acute. The biotechnological methods are very important for commercially revitalizing of plant material. For fast reproduction of different plants the method of clonal micro reproduction is used widely. This method became industrial for many crops, including strawberry. The main objective in the process of adaptation of micro plants to unsterile conditions is to increase in their resistance to a stress, diseases and vermins. The purpose of our research is to study the features of micro plants of Nashe Podmoscovie strawberry to unsterile conditions of environment. The research were conducted in the laboratory of Department of biotechnology and plants protection of Institute in 2015-2016. The strawberry of Nashe Podmoscovie under the optimum conditions of cultivation is highly rooting � 91,8 % for the 20th days of cultivation. The greatest percent of shoots rooting (98,3 %) has been received in 28 days. The plants which have reached height of 20-40 mm and having root system from 2-4 roots not less than 10 mm long and 4-6 leaves were replaced in the middle of March in the pots with a soil substratum. The plants have adaptated in-itial under the conditions of the light room. Duration of adaptation stage of strawberry plants to unsterile conditions was 2-2,5 months and their survival was 94,7 %. On the basis of data on survival of the multiplied plants of Nashe Podmoscovie strawberry under in vitro conditions it is possible to come to conclusion that the presented strawberry's varieties are characterized by high survival as under the conditions of adaptation room, and also under the unsterile conditions of the greenhouse � 94,7%-87,2%, respectively.