Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

To date, about 50 S-alleles have been identified in the apple tree, but in most study, the foreign varieties are analyzed, whereas for many wild apple species and domestic varieties, information on the allelic state of the S gene is insufficient. The present study presents the results of PCR analysis of wild-type forms of the genus Malus Mill., as well as a number of apple cultivars homologous for individual alleles of the S-locus. Wild species and varieties of the genus Ma-lus Mill., and cultivated apple cultivars of domestic origin (Malus domestica Borkh.) were used as biological objects of the study. The extraction of genomic DNA was carried out according to the minutes of the company Diversity Arrays Technology P/L with modifications. Relative frequencies of occurrence of S-alleles in the studied collection are determined. The allelic status of the S-locus is established for the species forms M. cerasifera 29494 (S3S10), M. purpureav. pendula 2396 (S2S3S10), M. prunifoliav. ringo (S7S9), M. spectabilisv. Rubraplena (S3S10); and for the varieties of Currency (S5S9), Cascade (S3S10), Krasula (S7S9), Uspenskoe (S2S3), Frigate (S3S10), Sorceress (S9S10). There was no clear correlation between the allele state of the S-locus and the taxonomic identity of the genotype. For the Malus series are identified S2, S3, S5, S7, S9, S10 alleles; the Baccatae and Kirghisores series have S2, S3, S5, S9, S10 alleles (the S7 allele is absent). Analysis of the allelic state of the S-locus can be used as an indirect marker of the level of ploidy. Since the presence of two S-alleles is characteristics for organisms with a diploid set of chromosomes, the presence of three alleles in the species M. Purpurea v. pendula 2396 (S2, S3 and S10) indirectly indicates a triploid genome.

Annotation

Evaluation of the potential of new apple varieties and forms in the conditions of North Ossetia Alania is based on the study of the main elements of the productivity system: rapidity, the rate of increase in yield, the regularity of fruiting, and yield. The article gives an assessment of the production potential of promising apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The studies were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of selection and sorting of fruit crops. We studied the early maturity, the regularity of fruiting, the yield of trees of different varieties of apple. High-speed varieties of regional selection � Fairy, Dawn, Talisman, Carmen, Gold Stream and foreign selection � Liberty with very early maturity � were allocated for the second year after planting annual garden plants on the MM-106 stock. It was noted that the the sign of the early fruit of the apple cultivar, with the exception of the Fairy variety, is immune to scab. The most productive varieties and forms of apple trees are distinguished in 2017: regional selection � Prikubanskoe, In memory of esaulu, Union, Rodnichok, Carmen, Talisman, Lubava, Lubimoe Dutova, 12 / 2-20-35; foreign selection � Gala Galaxy, Sunrise, Ligol, Pinova, Red Chif. The stable flatratio for the years of research (2014-2017) was noted in the apple-tree sorts: Red Amber, Soyuz, Prima, Gala Galaxy, Florina, Pinova and elite form 12/2-20-35. The study of the production potential of promising apple varieties of various maturation periods in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania made it possible to identify the most valuable varieties from among the studied for use in breeding research and production.

Annotation

Productivity is a complex indicator, consists of several elements � biological potential (bouquet twigs, growth shoots, fruit buds) and actual yield (flowers, ovaries and fruits formed). The evaluation of all indicators was carried out according to the methodological recommendations of the Institute "Assessment of the formation and implementation of the productivity of sweet cherry" (NCRRIH&V, 2013). Calculations of generative potential (GP), biological productivity (BP) of fruit shoots, actual productivity (FP) of flowering period and formation of ovaries and fruits were carried out. It is established that main part of the generative potential (the fetal buds) is laid on bouquet branches 67-89%, on the one-year shoot this indicator is much lower � 11-33 %. At the same time, the ratio of fruit and growth buds on bouquet branches is 3: 1, on annual shoots � 2:1. Cherry varieties are distinguished with a deviation from the average values, the Krasnodarskaya Sladkaya variety has a significant superiority: in 363 fruit-bearing 92 growth buds (4: 1) are on perennial fruit wood. The largest number of fruit buds in relation to growth � 197: 65 (3: 1) is noted in a variety of Shaluniay on an annual shoot. Determination of actual productivity (AF) after the flowering period has been showed that on average one fruit bud accounts for 3.0 flowers, ova-ry 1.5, fruit 1.2. On the basis of carried out study, cherry varieties of Kirina, Molodezhnaya, Nefris have been identified, with superior actual productivity indicators of 1.0-1.2 fruits per 1 fruit bud. Respectively, they have a high yield, in comparison with other studied varieties, of 15.0-20,0 kg from one tree. These varieties must be used in breeding programs as sources of productivity.

Annotation

Persian walnut is the widespread crop, covering the territories with a temperate climate around the world. The reasons for the economic importance of the walnut production are the oil-rich with high nutritional val-ue and taste, as well as valuable wood. The zone of the North Caucasus is suit-able for the industrial production of Per-sian walnut, but to increase in economic efficiency and reduce the risks of losses from adverse climatic factors, it should be planted the varieties with high adaptability, having an optimal set of agronomic valuable signs. The article presents the results of a four-years study of 14 selected forms of walnut under the Sub Kuban area condition of the Krasnodar Territory. One of the most important traits for walnut varieties in the condition of Krasnodar Territory is the ability to control the recurrent frosts increasing in recent years. Late flowering walnut forms are able to avoid the frosts and suffer from them is much less. In this aspect, the phenological observations forms are carried out. The trade and consumer qualities of fruits are studied, as the market prices of the products vary significantly depending on these indicators. Also the risk of walnut trees damage by critical low winter temperatures is significant. We assessed the hardiness of generative organs and the resistance to the most harmful diseases for all samples studied. According to the results of study, four of the most promising forms of Persian walnut breeding of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now NCFSCHVW) are selected.

Annotation

The work is based on the results of own research and analysis of information and literature data. It is found out that a predominant place among cultivated in Russia at present planting fruit crops takes apple (76 %). Among other crops the plum is leading � 60 % in its segment. Quality of cultivated material is different: from low level to world standards. The high level of competition with our own producers and imported plant material enhances the high quality of the produced seedlings. The article reflects the basic domestic nursery problems, their causes and possible solutions. This also applies to imported seedlings: assortment of imported varieties of fruit crops, varieties adaptability problems to our climate, demand for seedlings and fruits on the domestic market, phytosanitary status of seedlings. Solving of problems requires not only the active state support in the area of subsidies of planting production, adjustment of approaches to sapling import, trust to domestic nurserysts, but also a competent production control processes, including through the certification of propagation material. Domestic producers (garden farms) realized the need to establish the gardens by sapling of higher quality classes. But now they're not ready to acquire in the domestic nurseries the virus free planting material on its market value. To solve the identified problems in the NCFSCHVW the Breeding-Nurseryng Center for the production of planting material of fruit crops of higher quality classes was created on the base of Experimental industrial farming. Putting into operation of all facilities of Breeding-Nurseryng Center will allow to ensure by virus free saplings the Southern Russia horticulture.

Annotation

The data of study of rootstocks for large-fruited crops (plum, cherry plum, apricot) of breeding of SCFNCHVW and Stavropol breeding station are given. Their ability to root on heavy loamy soils with the use of the Fitaktiv Extra growth stimulator was studied. According to the results of monitoring the implementation of planting material, it has been established that now the combinations of plum grafted on rootstocks with a well developed root system providing strong fixation in the soil and allowing the mechanized harvesting are most in demand. In the Krasnodar Territory there are not enough soils suitable for fruit growing, therefore, the creation of rootstocks for stone fruit crops that can normally develop on wetland heavy loamy soils is very important breeding direction, that will significantly allow to increase the area of the gardens. The study carried out revealed the rootstocks that grow and develop poorly under the conditions of dense soils with high moistening and perish for several years. Therefore, it can be assumed that the plants isolated in the experiments on high rooting, good growth and development, as well as on a high score of the general state, can be evaluated as resistant to the stressors listed above. We also established that in the conditions of Goryacheclyuchevskoy district of the Krasnodar Region, the further research on the selection of optimal highly profitable scion-rootstock combinations of the stone fruit crops is necessary with the use of selected (according to the general state, the number of roots and the percentage of rooting) of the rootstocks 534 D and 935/6. The positive effect of the Fitaktiv Extra preparation on obtaining a quality planting rootstocks material for large stone fruit crops was noted.

Annotation

A large number of technological methods for soil caring and plant causes the development of soil degradation processes and leads to the destruction of its natural structure and the destruction of plant cover. The soil, which is not protected by plant cover, is exposed to the destructive effect of the kinetic energy of rain drops and is scattered to the sides. As a result, the soil, which is not protected by plant cover, has a low content of humus and low water resistance, and even with a small degree of slope, this soil is subject to severe water erosion. The aim of the study is to develop the methodological approaches to the creation of ampelocenosis soil systems to prevent their degradation. The expeditionary, stationary field and laboratory methods of study were used. The following factors were taken into account: the intensity of soil cultivation, the steepness of the slope, the criterion of water resistance, and the percentage content of humus. It has been established that the factor of intensity of soil cultivation has the largest influence in the degree of development of water erosion, the second place is provided by the availability of humus, the third place in the steepness, the criterion of water resistance has an insignificant share of influence. The main factor in the development of methodological approaches to the creation of amphelocenosis soil systems is the maintenance of a deficit-free inflow of organic matter into the soil-forming process. It is shown that the main task in industrial viticulture should be to ensure a positive balance of organic matter in the ampelocenosis and its involvement in a small circulation of nutrients. In the course of the study of the processes of the onset and development of soil degradation on sites that have been used for a long time under the grape culture, the main methodological approaches to the systems for maintaining the soils of vineyards were formulated.

Annotation

The impact of toxic chemicals on the vineyards and adjacent areas is enhanced due to inclusion in the new preparations of previously used active substances, characterized as highly toxic substances. Ecological and toxicological danger for the ecosystem of ampelocenoses is represented by preparations of long storage, primarily in the soil of the vineyards these preparation used. Their aggressiveness to microbes and bacterias speeds up the processes of soil degradation, and their partial migration in the ecosystem "soil-plant-grapes" pollutes the products with toxic chemicals. Organ-ic fungicides of the systemic action of the triazole group (falcon, wagon, colossal, spike) are combined by the presence in their composition of the tebuconazole active substance, distinguished by the duration and stabil-ity of preservation in the ecosystem of ampelocenoses. The purpose of this work is to study the interconnec-tion of the technogenic fungicides load containing tebuconnazole, and the ecological-toxicological state of ampelocenoses. The determination of the toxic residues was carried out according to generally accepted methods using chromatographs: gas "Color 500M", liquid "KNAUER" and atomic absorption spectrophotometer "Kvant-AFA". The research was carried out in the main agroecological viticulture zone of Temryuk district of the Krasnodar Territory (Agrofirm "Yuzhnaya") in two vineyard plots with an area of 5 hectares, under the same agrical and technological conditions. Option 1 � annual industrial treatment with fungicides containing tebuconazole; Option 2 � in the last year of study the fungicides studied were not used: they were changed by system fungicides of another group and this change allow us to determine the contamination of grapes with tebuconazole, migrating from the soil. As a result of the research, it was established, that the persistent and cumulative properties of tebuconazole, accumulated by soil, in 5 times higher than the permissible standards. The contamination of grapes with toxic residues of tebuconazole has been revealed.

Annotation

The technological properties of plum and cherry plum fruits on the suitability for making fruit-salad have been studied. The study included 25 samples of plum and 13 samples of cherry plum, which are characterized by high taste qualities and different maturation periods. Tasting evaluation of fruit-salad of plum and cherry plum is carried out on a 5-point scale. The variety differences on the appearance col-or, consistency and taste of fruits in the fruit-salad, as well as on color, transparency and taste of the syrup are established. The varieties of plum and cherry plum are suitable for the production of excellent quality fruit-salad are selected. The overall evaluation of fruit-salad from cherry plum was from 4.0 to 5.0 points. The varieties of medium and late maturation were evaluated in 4.5 or more points (Klyukovka, Olenka, Cometa, Prevoskhodnaya Shuntukskaya). The other studied varieties had an estimate of 4.0 to 4.5 points. The total evaluation of fruit-salad from the plum's fruit was from 4.1 to 5.0 points. The varieties of early, middle and late maturation were 4.7 or more. The minimal overall score was 4.1-4.2 points for the Vengerka Sladkaya plum and Ekaterina (yellow). According to the results of the research, 10 varieties of domestic plum and 4 varieties of cherry plum are selected from the number of studied, the fruits of which are suitable for the production of fruit-salad with excellent taste. Different terms of fruits ripening of plum and cherry plum give the chance to increase in term of their preservation. A good taste of fruits and products of their processing allow us to recommend these varieties for use in breeding programs.

Annotation

Fruits and berries are an important and indispensable part of the population's rational nutrition. The article presents the results of study of the chemical composition of 7 strawberry varieties, reflected their high nutritional and biological value, as well as antioxidant properties. Variety differences and the limits of accumulation of soluble solids, sugars (including glucose, fructose, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic), vitamins, polyphenols, pectins, amino acids and macro- and microelements have been established. The cultivars � sources of the higher content of biologically active substances are selected. It is shown that strawberry berries are the sources of functional ingredients: sugars, represented mainly by fructose and glucose, vitamins C and P, leucoanthocyanins and pectin, that allow them be used in the technology to produce the functional food products. With the use of strawberry, the recipe for a new type of canned food "Biojem" Strawberry", in which the main components are strawberry berries. The enrichment with pectic, mineral substances, vitamin P, polyphenols was carried out due to the additional introduction into the recipe of powder from secondary apple raw materials and the powder from grape squeeze, and the natural biocorrector Alexandrina was used to adjust the amino acid, mineral composition and vitamin C level. The new type of canned food "Biojem" Strawberry "is functional one and can serve as a part of the daily ration as a dessert for practically all age groups of the population in order to prevent the deficit of C and P vitamins. The product possesses the therapeutic and prophylactic properties due to the high content and a wide range of amino acids and mineral substances necessary for nutrition.

Annotation

The review of normative and legislative documentation for the organization of the wine production of protected geographical indication (PGI) and protected appellation of origin (PAO) in Russia and in the Krasnodar Region is carried out. The classification of Russion wines, including of hight category is offered. The main requirements for PGI and PAO wines are considered in accordance with the current standard GOST R 55242-2012 "Wines with protected geographical indication and wines with protected appellation of origin. General specifications". Grapes varieties of local breeding possessed are highly productive, resistant to fungal diseases, phylloxera and frost (withstand minus 25-28 ºC), fruiting stability and high organoleptic properties are offered. All varieties of grapes were created by Russian breeders in the leading scientific institutions of Russia. The objects of research were white and red wine materials, developed in the conditions of micro wine-making of FSBSF of NCFSCHVW, and table wines produced by enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory from technical grape varieties. The research was carried out in the Scientific Center "Winery" NCFSCHVW using the well-known and operating in the Russian Federation standards, as well as original techniques based on capillary electrophoresis, gas-liquid chromatography, chromato-mass spectrometry and electrochemical titration. The high quality of wines from local varieties was confirmed during the tasting of "Antitseya-2016" in the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now FSBSI NCFSCHVW). The agrotechnical characteristics Of white and red selected grape Varieties are given. Particular attention was paid to the wines obtained from the grape varieties Dostoyny and Krasnostop Anapsky with high organoleptic characteristics, which can expand the assortment of high-quality wines in the South of Russia, including PGI and PAO.

Annotation

In the process of wine production, the yeast is subjected to various stresses. This is a heat treatment during typing or the need to inactivate microflora, and the effect of low temperatures on wine processing for the prevention and elimination of dimness. If the yeast in the process of functioning are exposed to undergo similar stresses and their fermenting activity decreases. Of great interest is the study of resistance to technological stresses of new yeast strains isolated from the spontaneous microflora of grapes growing in various regions of the Krasnodar Territory. The aim of the work is to evaluate the resistance of new strains of wine yeast to the action of ethanol, sulfur dioxide, high and low temperatures. New strains of yeast isolated from spontaneous microflora of grapes were used as the object of study. As the control variant the known yeast races were selected. The stability of new yeast strains to sulfur dioxide was determined by the number of dead cells in the medium under study with various mass concentrations. The results obtained showed that the most of the strains tested are resistant to the presence of sulfur dioxide in the medium with a concentra-tion up to 200 mg/ dm3. It was found that the most of the new yeast strains of retained the ferment ability even at minus 6 ºC. It is shown that the most of new yeast strains studied have shown the greatest activity in the temperature range from 20 to 37.5 ºC. The study carried out confirm the expediency of using the new strains of wine yeast in the production of white table wines. Their technological characteristics are not worse and even superior to the known yeast races, including imported ones.

Annotation

The main goal of this work is to assess the adaptability and biometric parameters of the scion-rootstock combinations of Sakura under the conditions of urban environment. The greening in the modern urban landscape involves the presence of beautifully blooming trees of different heights and crown volume. According to this aim, in our study we analyzed the effect of clonal rootstocks VSL-2 (breeding of Krymsk ESS branch of WIR), 3-76, 5-44, 5-42, 3-114, 7-42 (breeding of FSBSI NCFSCHVW) at the height of the trees of popular varieties (Prunus Shirofugen serrulata, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, P Burgundi Royal serrulata, P. serrulata Kanzan, Rexii (Kirhn). Sok) and promising forms of Sakura, including NCFSCHVW breeding under the arboretums condition of Sochi and Krasnodar. For the experiment the forms (scion, rootstock), selected for resistance to coccomicous (pathogen � Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx)) in the collectional planting of NCFSCHVW were taken. The Vesenniy capris (AI1) form wasn�t defeat by coccomicous, even with the artificial infection, and shows the high resistance (100%). The forms, lesioned by moniliosis (causative agent � the fungus Monilia cinerea Bon.) were selected, there are Rexii (Kirhn) Sok, P. serrulata Kiku-shidare-sakura, Symphoniya nezhnosty. As a result of the study carried out, the lesion of the forms studied by the main pathogens under the conditions of humid subtropics of Sochi was estimated, the most adaptive combinations were identified, their height is determined. The influence of rootstocks and scions the growth and development of combinations of Sakura was shown. The obtained new data of the scion-rootstock combinations characteristics are necessary to develop the methods of original spatial and plastic accents that improve the urban environment and natural and climatic conditions of the South Region.

Annotation

The method of formation and mainte-nance of bushes in the nursery plays a primary role in the measures to increase the efficiency of rootstock cultivation. The formation of bushes is an important agrotechnical mode, regulated the growth and development of plants and the quality of planting material. The best way of bushes formation, is the way when the greatest yield of qualitative cuttings is ensured from an unit of area at the lowest cost. The following main principles determine the theoretical basis for choosing the forms of grape bushes in the nursery of vine rootstocks: they are the construction of bushes and the biology of the varieties used should be maximally adapted to local conditions of growth, to desrease in the negative influence of abiotic stressors, to respond to varietal characteristics, and to be convenient for manual and mechanized work. The purpose of this work is the theoretical substantiation of the development of effective methods of plantations growing grape nursery that provide an increase in the yield and quality of standard cuttings under conditions of the grafted crop cultivation. This study consisted of a review of Russian and foreign literature, articles, reports and electronic sources (magazines, books and websites) on this subject, related to the formation of wine rootstock nurse-ry plantation. Despite the existence of a wide variety of forms and ways of vine bushes keeping, there are a number of deficiencies that adversely affect the quality and yield of cuttings from an unit area, and making it more difficult to control the diseases and vermins. Therefore, at present, the creation and development of new resource-saving ways of vine rootstock nursery maintaining for the production of high-quality cuttings is one of the urgent tasks in the field of grape nursery keeping.

Annotation

In the conservation and improvement of soil fertility, ensuring the productivity and stability of agrolandscapes, the ecosystems of perennial grasses are of particular importance. Impact on the soil of sideration, increase in organic mass in the soil and application of fertilizers improve it, form plantations resistant to diseases and vermins. Perennial grasses of agrolandscapes are traditionally used as one of the most effective factors of soil formation, improvement and protection of soils. Such system significantly reduces the cost of soil maintaining and the cost of finished products. An integrated approach to the maintenance of a grape bush from laying to harvesting can ensure not only the obtaining of high-quality products, but also the preservation of the productivity of perennial agrocenoses throughout their cultivation period. The object of our research is the grapes of the Cabernet Sauvignon and the Chardonnay of 2012 planting. The methods of research are laboratory-analytical and field stationary. Agrobiological registrations were carried out in 6 model bushes of grapes in each variant of the experiment. As a result of the research we carried out, it has been established that soil sowing through one vineyard spacing of Lolium perenne L. (40 %) and Trifolium repens (60 %) positively influence increasing in the yield capacity and improving the quality of the grape juice of the varieties studied. The best organoleptic characteristics of the wine samples of from the Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were obtained in the variant with soil turf soving through one row spac-ing, from the Chardonnay grapes the best wine samples were obtained in the variant with black soil.