Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

As a result of long-term observations on the Anapa ampelographic collection, a comparatively large group of white tech-nical varieties of grapes was singled out for indicators of productivity, resistance to diseases and pests, and the quality of the wine products obtained. Periodically recurring abrupt changes in abiotic factors made it possible to more strictly assess the possibilities of varieties of grapes of various origins and assess their frost resistance, drought re-sistance and productivity under abiotic stress conditions. The grape varieties were studied in a grafted open culture, on the rootstock of Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB. Formation � spiral cordon �Z�S-1. The planting scheme is 3.5 x 2.0 m. The cultivation technology is generally accepted for the Southern zone of industrial viticulture in the Russian Federation. The indicators of the bush load, fruitfulness, growth vigor and the degree of ripening of annual shoots are determined according to well known methods and methodological recommendations. In the period from 2001 to 2010, Arabaklo, Bakator white, Golden Autumn and Pollux were identified as promising for introduction into production and use in breeding as sources of a number of economically valuable traits. The article describes the descriptions and characteristics of these grape varieties in comparison with the standard � the classic French Aligotte, obtained as a result of observations on the Anapa am-phelographic collection in the period from 2007 to 2017. Technical varieties of Araboublo, Bakator white, Golden Autumn and Pollux should be recommended for industrial use, which will expand the boundaries of sustainable grape production in the region. Varieties of Araboublo, Bakator white and Golden Autumn, as representatives of the species Vitis vinifera, can be used in breeding as sources of frost and drought resistance for the production of high-quality complex-resistant varieties of grapes.

Annotation

Planting stock of fruit sapling requires the improvement of the fruit assortment, taking into account the changes in climatic factors of cultivate area. The rootstocks resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors adapted the most to local soil and climatic conditions are necessary. Therefore, this work dedicated to the selection of rootstock adaptive forms for plum-tree relevant to modern gardening. The change in the weather conditions in the Krasnodar Territory over the past 68 years is analyzed in this paper. A trend towards an increase in average daily air temperature was found. Two periods of warming over a long-term period are shown, one �in the spring, and other � in the summer months. The research carried out in the Ust-Labinsk area with frequent adverse manifestations of weather stressors, promote the forestall breeding on a number of stability indicators. The proposed materials of the article contributes to the development of resource-saving technologies involving the use of adaptive plants and environmental methods for their cultivation and reproduction. As a result of study, the adaptive plum rootstocks have been identified, which have a high percentage of rooting when growing without irrigation on a bogar, with the selection of domestic preparations that give the greatest effect of increasing in rooting rate and yield of high-quality planting stock. It was found that the most suitable for rooting under the conditions of lack of moisture and high summer temperatures are the rootstocks: BS 2, PK SK-1 and the rootstock forms of PKSK-2, 921, PKG18 / 13, PKSK-2, 921 (2), 934, 918 �13, 6p34. The significant influence of the rootstock genotypes the ability to rooting by lignified cuttings under the influence of various preparations was noted. Under these conditions the greatest effect was observed when the rootstocks forms of 934 and SC SC-2 were reproducted with using of Fitactiv Extra Kornevin B and Fitactiv Extra Kornevin A preparations.

Annotation

The materials of long-term work on the study of the effect of drugs on the induction of growth-correcting effects for rootstock cuttings are presented. The research was carried out in Anapa-Taman area on the rootstock uterine plantation and the new plantation of AF �Uyzhnaya� of the Temryuk District of the Krasnodar Region, in the Center of Collective Use of FSCHVW (Krasnodar) and in the laboratory of nursery and quality control of Anapa ZESV&W. The task of the research is to find out the effect of plant nutrients in foliar top dressing the growth and development of cuttings as well as the dynamics of the processes of growth and development of grape saplings. The object of the study were the uterine rootstock plantings of the Kober 5BB variety, as well as grafted cuttings and saplings of the technical Aligote variety grafted on the Kober 5BB rootstock. As preparations were used: complex organic-mineral fertilizer and forth preparation with Zn, B, Fe, Cu apart. According to the set of regenerative activity indicators, the most effective drug for inducing the growth-correcting effects is �the variant of Boron�, under the influence of which the objects of the study have the greatest indicators of shoots and roots development. This variant is better taking account the indexes of survival and getting of seedlings from the uterine grape plantations. Using the method of microfocus radiography, it was possible to establish that, on average, 90 % of seedlings have adhesions of grafted components without anomalies in all variants of experiment, which indicates the high quality of the obtained grafted saplings. The effective impact of bioeffective drugs the callus formation, the development of grafted cuttings in the first plantations, and the yield of grafted grape saplings is confirmed.

Annotation

The grapes is a relatively drought-resistant plant, but in the very dry years it gives low yields of low sugar content and high content of acids in the berries juice, the vine is ripening poorly, the plants are mostly damaged by frost. Obtaining the high and stable yields of high quality, the increasing in the life of the vineyards is impossible without the use of irrigation. Against the background of global warming and a shortage of fresh water, there is a need for research in optimizing the water regime of orchards. Therefore, the study of the effect the irrigation on grape plants, the development of rational methods for irrigating vineyards, and regulating their water regime to obtain the high and high-quality yields is an urgent task. The purpose of these studies was to substantiate the use of drip irrigation in the vineyards of the Crimea. The study was carried out for more than 30 years on the experimental base of the Institute �Magarach� under the conditions of vegetative and lysimetric experiments and in the industrial vineyards of the Crimea. The vegetative, lysimetric, agrobiological, analytical and statistical research methods were used. The impact of weather and irrigation regimes and methods on grape plant condition and vine harvest parameters in conditions of Crimea was analyzed. Data analysis on annual precipitation showed that almost every second year is arid on the South coast of Crimea. Temperature data analysis showed an increase in the average monthly air temperatures as compared to multi-year average. Study demonstrated that drip irrigation helps to increase in productivity of grapes by 1,5-3 times and to improve the harvest quality. Drip irrigation helps to save from 20 to 80 % of water as compared to other irrigation methods.

Annotation

In the fruit plantations cultivated on intensive technologies, in order to obtain the objective data on the supply of soils with food elements, it is necessary to use the improved methodological approaches to assess the parameters of soil fertility and the application of original method for selecting the soil samples for following analytic research. The purpose of our research is to find the patterns of changes in the parameters of soil fertility of industrial apple plantations cultivated with regular local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume irrigation. As a result of soil-agrochemical study of fruit plantings on alluvial-meadow soils, a significant change in the parameters of soil fertility was established in case of local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume soil moisture. It is shown when fertigation in the places of local fertilizing the movable phosphorus content in the 0-30 cm layer of apple garden soil increased in 98,3-251,1 mg / kg soil, and exchangeable potassium � in 66-421 mg / kg soil; as compared with the areas outside the area of mineral fertilizers localization. The changes found in the levels of soil provision with nutrients should be taken into account when planning the fertilizers system in the perennial plantations cultivated on intensive technologies. The result of research show that the long-term use of drip irrigation in the industrial apple orchards has led to the accumulation of soluble salts (especially sodium ions), to alkalization and qualitative change in the content of exchangeable cations in the soil-absorbing complex in the areas of local soil moisture. To reduce the negative impact of irrigation on the soil properties, it is expedience to use the physiologically acidic fertilizers during irrigation of apple garden, and also to carry out the periodic neutralization of irrigation water by acid.

Annotation

Grapes, and then the wine, is a product of the area, and to a higher extent the obtaining the high yields and quality of wine, as well as the formation of individual properties of wine production depends on the complex of numerous factors of the environment of the grapes growth. A grapes can grow on almost all types of soils, except the highly saline and waterlogged soils. In the study of many authors the influence of different types of soils and their properties the growth of a grape plant, the quality of berries and products of their processing is indicated. The article gives a comparative description of two types of soils according to morphological and agrochemical indicators. As a result of study carried out it was established that the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of the studied soils contribute to the favorable growth and development of the grape plant. According to the content of nitrogen and mobile phosphorus, the sod-carbonate soil is the most provided, while the content of organic matter is more in black chernozem. The grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon, grown on chernozem ordinary is a higher yielding (100.6 c / ha), compared to sod-carbonate soil. However, the grapes grown on soddy-carbonate soil had the higher rates of sugar accumulation and a lower level of acidity in the juice of berries. Also the date are given in the article on the growth, development and fruit bearing of the grape plant on the studied soils and the influence of the soil component the wine quality. A tasting evaluation of the wine materials examined showed that the most balanced organoleptic characteristics was a sample of young wine obtained from a plot of sod-carbonate soil. The highest content of phenolic substances and the largest mass concentration of anthocyanins are also noted in the sample obtained from sod-carbonate soil.

Annotation

The study of the changes in the characteristics of plant tolerance in the process of vegetative reproduction is of considerable interest for fruit crops propagated by bud grafting and other types of grafting and other methods, due to the large economic significance of viral infections. There are many plum varieties manifested the tolerance to infection of plum shark (PPV) virus. These varieties practically do not lose the yield and quality of the fruit in case of PPV infection. It is believed that tolerance can be determined by changes in plant metabolism caused by the penetration and multiplication of viruses. The purpose of this study is to gain the new knowledge about the tolerance of domestic plum-tree to viral infections in order to reveal the regularities of change in susceptibility of plum plants to virus of PPV. This paper presents the results of studying the tolerance of the plum domestic varieties to Sharkey's virus on the criterion �the manifestation of symptomatology� in the leaves of sapling. The urgency of study is determined by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV) at the cultivation of stone fruit crops. The presence or the absence of the symptomatology of virus infection is the sign of different receptivity of the plum varieties to the infection. The symptoms of contamination in a course of infection are not manifested in the steady varieties, they are manifested in the less steady varieties. As a result of study of the external infection manifestation (simptoms) and diagnostics of virus carrying by the method of PCR-analysis it is found that the part of vegetative posterity of the same varieties � PPV virus carriers have been appeared the signs of infection by Sharkey's plum virus in the form of specific annular patch effect, but the part of the sapling did not appear the infection signs, that also is the peculiarity of different receptivity in the vegetative generation (saplings). This means that the tolerance, as a plant property, is able to change in a course of vegetative reproduction.

Annotation

It is noted in the article that the theoretically modeled potential world range of invasion of a brown-marmorated stink bug based on abiotic conditions covers the vast territories of different continents. Today, this species appears in quarantine lists in the many countries of the world. This species has become an economically significant phytophage for many crops and in the countries of the Black Sea Region � Georgia and Abkhazia. The Krasnodar Territory is favorable for the harmful spread of brown-marmorated stink bug according to climatic conditions. The large phytosanitary risk for the agricultural crop production of the Kuban, and in particular for viticulture, induce to start the regular monitoring observations and the study of the bioecological characteristics of the invader in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia Region (Krasnodar Territory) in order to contain the invasion and to develop the control measures of phytofug spreading. This article provides an analysis of the scientific literature on the history of the global spread of a dangerous invasive species of vermins � the brown-marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stal. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Behavioral characteristics of his, the range of host plants, the nature of harm are described. The intensification of globalization processes, the increase in traffic flows, the climatic changes, and the huge biotic potential of the bug as wide polyphagia, high fecundity, vector and migration activity make him potentially dangerous vermin for agricultural crop production of the Krasnodar Territory and especially for fruit crops and grapes. Study carried out on monitoring the distribution of the invader in the territory of Western Ciscaucasia, verification the range of plants which this species began to damage, and the gender structure of populations have allowed to conclude that the species is in a state of active development for a new range.

Annotation

In the 2016-2017 the etiology of �summer� grape rots affecting Muscat Blanc grapes in conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea studied. These rots are becoming more and more important economically and can lead to the loss of up to 80% of the ripening harvest. It has been demonstrated that this phenomenon is a complex one and is caused by the development of such species as Botrytis cinerea Pers., Guignardia baccae (Cav.) Jasz., Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Rizopus nigricans Ehr., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link, Penicillium sp. It was established that sour rot prevails in the structure of berry rots affecting grapes by the harvest time (the third decade of August and the first and second decades of September). We studied how various affecting Muscat Blanc grapes berry rot pathogens depend on the temperature regime and berry juice sugar content. A strong correlation was established between the intensity of oidium development and damage to the grapes caused by thrips and the level of sour rot development. Laboratory and field experiments provided data on the biological effectiveness of modern specialized fungicides in controlling the development of grape rot pathogens. Fungicides application proved insufficient in preventing harvest loss of Muscat Blanc grapes from sour rot. To effectively control this disease, it is necessary to develop a separate set of measures, including those aimed at improving the mechanical strength of the grape berry skin, prevent oidium and herbivore thrips damage to the epidermis during berry growth, limit the development of fruit flies during the ripening of grapes.

Annotation

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is among the priority contaminants of grape wines. OTA has an expressed toxic (mainly with damage to the urinary system) action, associated, as a rule, with the long-term supply of toxin with food. International Agency for the Study of Cancer, OTA is classified as a substance possibly carcinogenic to human being (group 2B). The average content of OTA in wine, calculated by JECFA experts as a result of analysis of data from studies conducted in the world, was 0.32 �g / kg. At the same time, a higher level of toxin (0.4 �g / kg) was found in red wine than that in white wine (0.1 �g / kg). Currently, Russia does not have hygienic regulations on the content of OTA in grape wines. In EU countries, the maximum OTA content in wines should not exceed 2 �g / kg. The aim of this work was to study the content of OTA in grape wines, presented on the territory of Russia. The presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) Mycotoxin in 26 samples of dry, semi-sweet and dessert grape wines of domestic and foreign production, bought in a retail trade in Russia has been studied. Using the high effective liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, OTA has been found in 8 (31 %) from 26 wine samples studied in an amount from 0.14 to 0.64 μg / l (average content is 0.25 μg / l; median � 0.21 �g / l). The predominant contamination of OTA in the red wines, as well as in the semi-sweet and dessert wines is shown. The results of the study indicate the presence of ochratoxin A in the grape wines presented on the territory of Russia, that requires to exercise the appropriate control by manufacturers and supervisory authorities.

Annotation

The results of the study of changes in normalized losses from the natural loss of fruit weight (NLW) during the storage of new scab immune columnar apple varie-ties of VNIISPK breeding at a temperature regime +2 ºC are presented in comparison with the �Norms of natural loss of fresh potatoes, vegetables and fruits during long-term storage at bases and warehouses of different types for the second climatic group�. Five varieties were studied. The variety Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a control. The study revealed that the lowest losses from NLW were in the fruits of the Poezia variety � 0,0299 % per day and 0,8960 % for 30 days of storage, while the total duration of storage was the least � 102 days and the registration period of fruit weight loss was 88 days. The greatest losses were recorded in the fruits of the Zvezda Efira variety � 0,0397 % per day and 1,1910 % for 30 days of storage, but the duration of their storage was the longest � 144 days and 129 days of the registration period of fruit weight loss. Guided by the �Norms of natural weight loss� for apple fruit of winter varieties when they were stored for a long time in the rooms with artificial cooling in the Orel region (the second climatic group), it can be stated that NLW in immune columnar varieties goes beyond this norm. The average �normative� indicators for September-December are 2,0 %, while the indicators of the studied varieties were in the range from 2,6 to 5,0 %. It is prematurely to talk about the instability of the studied group of the varieties to NLW during storage taking into consideration the insufficiency of the studied indicators. It is necessary to continue the studies using other storage regimes. It is noted that with increasing periods of fruit storage increase in the losses from NLW.

Annotation

Traditionally, the production of wine materials and geographic indication wines is connected to the places where the grapes are grown. Taking into account the fact that in the production of various wine-making products, the wine materials are used, the transportation of which is a costly and lengthy process, a direction involving the production of products of fermented grape from sublimated raw materials is very promising. It reduces the cost of transporting of grapes as a raw material for the food production. Our study was directed to a technological assessment of the expediency of the production of fermentation products from grapes subjected to sublimation processing. As the raw material a Cabernet Sauvignon grown in the Krasnodar Territory was used. The development of modern technologies as vacuum freeze-drying allows to significantly expand the geography of the raw materials used and to select the grapes according to the variety type and composition indicators, based on the requirements for the final product of predictable quality. The technological substantiation of the expediency of fermentation beverages production from freeze-dried grape raw material is proposed. Experimental data on sublimation dehydration of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are presented. The modes of preparation and parameters of freeze-drying of grape raw materials, ensuring its effective use in the dried state as raw material in the production of fermentation products are presented. The technology involves the use of whole grapes. The results of a comparative assessment of physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of the table dry red wine and a prototype of the fermented dry material are presented. It is shown that a freeze drying provides a high level of safety of properties of both raw materials and products of its processing. One of the significant advantages of the proposed technology of preparation and processing of grapes to produce fermentation products is the ability to transport freeze-dried grapes to any point close to the consumer.

Annotation

More than 800 volatile components of different classes of chemical compounds take part in the formation of wine aroma such as alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, terpenes, etc. Despite a huge number of the volatile components identified in wine, formation of individual wine aroma is promoted by a certain combination of these components. In this regard, the research of interrelation between some volatile components of the aroma complex and sensory characteristics of wines are actual now. Results of studying of the qualitative composition and the quantitative content of volatile components of the aroma complex of red table wines from grape cultivar Ekim Kara from the mountain-valley seaside region of the South coast soil-climatic zone are presented in this publication. The interrelation between volatile components and various shades of wine aroma were studied. The Crimean autochthonous Ekim Kara grape cultivar doesn't have pronounced varietal aroma; using different technological methods by wine production we can get wines with aroma of various trends: berry-fruit, berry-fruit with the expressed flower shades and berry-fruit with the expressed spicy shades. This publication presents the results of study of the composition of the aroma complex of red table wines produced from Crimean autochthonous grape cultivar Ekim Kara and its influence on the formation of wine aroma shades. The distinctive fea-tures of the aroma complex of wines with the aroma of different trends are revealed. The correlation dependence between the contribution of some descriptors to the overall composition of the wine aroma and the concentration of the components of the aroma complex was established. The intensity of berry-fruit shades in the aroma increases with the increase of the concentration of pantolactone, isoamilformate and phenylethylformate; spicy shades − 3-methylthiopropanol and ethylphenyl acetate; flower � heptanol and tyrosol. The increase in the concentration of phenylethanol, isobutanol, isoamylol and 2-methyltetrahydrothiophen-3-OH leads to reduction in the intensity of berry-fruit shades; ethylphenylacetate − floral nuances.

Annotation

Under the conditions of the central subzone of the Krasnodar Region, the morphometric indexes of 10 perspective varieties of hybrid herbaceous hibiscus (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.) were studied. It is established that the introduced varieties of hibiscus vary considerably in parameters: the height of the bush, the number of generative shoots on the bush, the number of flowers on the shoot, the number of simultaneously open flowers on the shoot, the number of simultaneously open flowers on the bush, the diameter of the flower, the percentage of fruit (boxes). Low-growing varieties are indicated with a bush height of up to 100 cm: Royal Gems, Robert Fleming; medium- growing (100-160 cm): Cranberry Crush, Jazzberry Jam, Plum Crasy, Old Yella, Summer Storm; high growing (over 160 cm): Fantasia, Fireball. The maximum number of generative shoots was established in the varieties Jazzberry Jam (12) and Robert Fleming (8), the minimum � in the varieties Old Yella (3), Plum Crasy (4), Royal Gems (4). It is revealed that the Cranberry Crush, Robert Fleming, Kopper King varieties do not form the fruits in the Krasnodar Region. In Jazzberry Jam, Royal Gems, Plum Crasy varieties the fruits are tied rarely, seeds are often defective. To involve in the breeding process, the varieties are selected as the mother plants: Fantasia, Fireball, Old Yella, Summer Storm in which the fruits are tied on average f rom 10-40 %. The varieties-sources of compact bushes with a dense high-decorative leaf mosaic are defined: Cranberry Crush, Jazzberry Jam, Summer Storm. The varieties selected have a high adaptive potential in combination with valuable decorative features and are promising for landscape construction in the Southern Russia.

Annotation

C. acutatum Simmonds is one of the most common species of the genus Colletotrichum and it causes the diseases commonly known as anthracnose on numerous plant hosts throughout the world. A complex of species of the genus Colletotrichum from the affected tissues of papaya, acute pepper and delphinium, originally described in Australia, is known now as particularly damaging in crops such as strawberry, citrus, apple, olive, cranberry and blueberry. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cultural and morphological features of the C. acutatum fungus, isolated in a pure culture from the affected strawberry berries, selected in the collection of the Maikop Experimental Station VIR. During the research the optimal Nutrient medium for the cultivation of the C. acutatum in a pure culture was selected. The characteristics of fungi development in various nutrient media under the same cultivation conditions is given. It was noted that the composition of the nutrient medium influences the rate of germination and the size of conidia, the development of the mycelium, and the formation of the stroma. The morphological properties of the colonies of the strawberry pathogen isolated from plants have been verified. On the mediums � Chapek's agar, potato agar, host plant � the beginning of conidiogenesis was observed on the second day. On potato-sucrose agar, conidias began to form on the fourth day, on hungry agar � only on the seventh day. The mass formation of conidias on the second day was observed on Chapek`s agar and potato agar. The spore size on potato-glucose agar is 2-3x4-8 microns, on Chapek's agar � 2-4x8-10 microns, on other medias, the spore size is much smaller � 1-2x3-4 microns, 1-3x3-5 microns. When comparing the morphological features of the fungi with the data of world literature, it was revealed that strains of fungi differ in size and shape of conidiophores, as well as in the size of conidia.

Annotation

Grape squeezes are a valuable secondary raw material, and therefore an interest has increased in their use to maximize the extraction of biologically valuable components and to obtain the new types of products, including dietary supplements. An important source of biologically active substances are squeezes, seeds and skin of grapes, which contain the significant amounts of essential substances. The works on the integrated and rational use of raw material should be aimed at creating such a technology for processing raw material that minimizes and in some cases virtually eliminates the generation of waste. The use of secondary products of grape processing in food processing tech-nologies will reduce the cycle of technological process, which will lead to saving in the main raw material while maintaining guaranteed organoleptic and physico-chemical quality indicators, as well as reducing the costs during its processing. As an object of research, we took seven samples of secondary raw material of grapes processing (grape squeezes) grown under the soil and climatic conditions of the Taman Peninsu-la. The article describes the mechanical composition of dry raw material, as well as the quality indicators of grape squeeze including skin and stones containing vitamin P (193.3 mg / 100 g), C (8.8 mg / 100 g) and E (0.75 %); pectin substances � 1.52 % (0.67 % soluble and 0.85 % protopectin). It is noted that the grape squeezes contains many biologically active substances that have therapeutic and prophylactic significance for the body. It is concluded that the grape squeezes are a source of valuable food components. The powder obtained from the grape squeezes is very likely to use as an enriching component of fruit puree products � jam, jelly, functional soft drinks to give them therapeutic properties.