Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

At the present, the functional genomics (as a basis of economic valuable signs studying the regulation of genes expression) has been actively developed in plant breeding research. In recent years, it has been shown, that various RNAs, including microRNAs, play an important role in genes regulation by activating or inhibiting the expression of plant growth and development genes, genes to environmental response. Then, quite recently, it was shown that there are a new class of RNA molecules � circular RNA, with size from 100 up to 4000 nucleotids, which are formed from microRNA as a result of back-splicing. They have regulatory functions and interact with macroRNA, as well as with matixRNA, affecting the level of genes expression of growth, development, and response to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this mini-review, an analysis of recent data on the role of circular RNA in the plants is presented. It is also shown specificity their of formation depending on the type of plant tissue of intron, exon, exon-intron origin, the interaction between circular RNA, microRNA, and matrix RNA with indirect influence the genes work, as well as their role in regulating the response to abiotic and biotic stresses. The article has been presented data for searching of plant circular RNA, a bioinformative prediction method, a specific circular RNA for rice, arabidopsis, tea, tomato, cucumber, grapes, soy, peanuts, poncirus, as well as data of their regulatory role in response to stress factors of environment.

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The wealth of genetic tools makes it possible to analyze phylogeny and genetic polymorphism in the studied taxa. The genetic components include retrotransposons. The study of retrotransposons is relevant for the creation of genetic markers. At the moment, DNA markers, whose polymorphism is due to retrotransposon inserts, have gained distribution in genetic work. The aim of this work is to search and detect effective IRAP and ISSR markers for the genotyping of apple rootstocks. Based on the quality of the obtained DNA fingerprint, the selection of the most informative markers was carried out for each of the markers involved in the work. The primers of the selected IRAP and ISSR markers will be used in the future for genotyping of stocks. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: Cass 1 and �ass 2. In case of testing of 8 ISSR, 3 markers were selected for further work. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with the subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed sample of samples.

Annotation

The most important multilocus marker systems include ISSR markers based on polymorphism of genome fields located between microsatellite areas. Their effectiveness in genetic work has been demonstrated in the extensive list of studies in which they were involved. ISSR markers are easy to use, low-cost and methodologically less demanding than many other marker systems, and it makes them good genetic markers for the initial stages of organisms research for which the genetic information is missing. The aim of this work is to search for and detect the effective ISSR markers for genotyping of representatives the P. serrulata species. The results of testing ISSR markers on the genotypes of the P. serrulata species are shown. Based on the quality of the DNA fingerprint obtained, the most informative ISSRs were selected for each of the markers involved in the work. Primers of ISSR markers selected will be used for genotyping. As a result of the work performed in the process of PCR f rom 35 ISSR markers, 26 gave DNA fragments on sakura genotypes. At the same time, 8 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers ncludes ISSRs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: UBC 811, UBC 813, UBC 818, UBC 825, UBC 843, UBC 864, 3A59, ASSR02. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed samples.

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Powdery mildew, white and brown spots, as well as recent anthracnose black rot, late blight and verticellosis wilt are the most important diseases that cause the significant damage to the strawberry plantations. The losses of a strawberry commodity crop from anthracnose damage can reach 80 %. The most strawberry varieties are susceptible to anthracnose black rot in various degree. The resistance of garden strawberry to anthracnose is controlled polygenically and monogenously. The causative agent of late blight root rot (late blight wilting) is Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Hickman. The causative agent of late blight affects the root system, causing the inhibition of growth, withering and subsequent death of plants. One of the promising methods for identifying wild strawberry forms resistant to late blight and anthracnose is analysis using diagnostic DNA markers linked to the target alleles of resistance genes. DNA markers are successfully used both at the stage of selection of initial sources for hybridization and in the subsequent analysis of hybrid material. The results of DNA analysis of varieties and selected seedlings of strawberry on the genes of resistance to late blight wilt Rpf1 and anthracnose Rca2 are shown. The SCAR-R1A marker linked to the Rpf1 gene was not detected in the studied strawberry varieties and forms, that presumably indicates their recessive homozygous genotype for the Rpf1 gene (rpf1rpf1). The STS-Rca2_240 marker linked to the Rca2 gene was detected in Borovitskaya and Aprica varieties and in the selected form of 933-4 (F. virginiana Duch. Ssp. Platypetala × Rubinovy Kulon), which allow us to recommend them for breeding as a promising source of anthracnose resistance.

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Oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes one of the most harmful diseases of grapes � downy mildew. In the areas of the humid climate of the Black Sea coast of the North Caucasus, the pathogen causes particular damage. In the form of epiphytotic, Plasmopara viticola develops 6-7 times of 10 years and can cause`s the losses from 50 to 100 % of yeld, despite the presence of a large number of fungicides that can inhibit the harmfulness of this disease. The aim of the work was to test the microsatellite DNA markers of GOB, CES, ISA, and BER to study the diversity of P. viticola populations parasitizing in vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory. The material for the study were grape leaves of various varieties affected by mildew. The leaves was taken in May-July 2019 at various points in the Krasnodar Territory. P. viticola DNA was isolated from the diseased tissue of grape leaves using the �CytoSorb� developed by �Syntol� specifically for the diagnosis of phytopathogens. A total of 8 samples of P. viticola DNA were extracted. The study was carried out using the classical method of polymerase chain reaction with optimization of the number and duration of cycles, as well as the concentration of reagents. The size of the amplified fragments of the GOB, CES, ISA, and BER loci was estimated using an ABI Prism 3130 automated genetic analyzer and using fragment analysis. Data analysis was carried out in the program Gene Mapper 4.1. The greatest polymorphism was detected by the GOB marker (15 types of alleles in eight studied samples). The GOB, CES, ISA, and BER markers can be used to study P. viticola populations wide spreading in the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory.

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This article presents an analysis of the grape genetic resources at the global and Russian levels. In many countries of the world, the national programs for the conservation and use of plant genetic resources are developed and implemented. The work provides the information on the formation of common approaches to the use of existing bioresource collections in Russia and the creation of a unified information system. In addition, the results of the work on preserving the gene pool of grapes at the Anapa experimental station of viticulture and winemaking over the past two years are shown. A comparative analysis of the quantitative ratio of grape varieties growing in the other ampelographic collections is given. In particular, according to the number of samples, the Anapa ampelographic collection is the largest collection of grapes in Russia, in which there are the samples from thirty-two collections belonging to eighteen states of the world. Every year, the collection is replenished with an average of ten varieties. A comprehensive study of them is necessary to identify the patterns of adaptive reactions of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin to changing conditions of the growing season and the selection of donors and sources of breeding-valuable traits for use in the breeding. That is the preservation of the collect grape gene pool is a certain difficulty in connection with the different adaptive ability of the varieties under the other soil and climatic conditions that differ from the conditions of the previous cultivation. In this regard, this article provides the information on the relaying of the largest ampelographic collection in Russia, in which it is planned to replenish the gene pool of grapes with Kuban wild-growing forms that are of interest in the breeding.

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This article presents the results of the most relevant now breeding work on the creation of new grape technical varieties and the selection of elite forms, since there is a shortage of technical grapes in the assortment. It is important with the indigenous varieties to create and cultivate the new technical varieties that combine the high quality of products with adaptability to abiotic and biotic stress factors � the characteristics are necessary for the production of original wines, with a high level of sugar accumulation. The study of this problem for the Anapo-Taman zone is of great interest. As a result of research work on the study of a complex of economically valuable breeding traits for elite hybrid grape forms of technical purposefulness of middle and late ripening a number of features are revealed: an elite hybrid form III-59-24 stands out among the other of the studied forms by the average yield of berries from the bush (taking into account the relatively small average number of fruiting shoots on the bush) � 8,1 kg, with high fruiting and fruitfulness ratios � 1,1, low acidity of berries � 5,7 g / dm3; the elite hybrid form III-62-24 is characterized by an average yield from the bush of 8.2 kg, a high fruit bearing coefficient of 1.1, a high sugar content in the berries of 20,1 g / 100 cm3; the elite hybrid form of K-I-74-1 has the largest bunches, the highest yield from one bush in comparison with the other studied forms, a high concentration of sugar in berries, the largest fruitiness of one shoot as well as the big mass of the bunch.

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Improving the quality of Russians Life is linked with an increase in the production of high-quality food. In this reference hazelnuts are extremely valuable, which are in unlimited demand among the population and are indispensable raw materials for the confectionery industry. Hazelnut occupies about 3.5 thousand ha (the private sector is more than 33 %). In modern economic conditions, a consistently high yield and product quality are the main aims increasing the production efficiency of hazelnuts. Great research work on the selection, introduction, study and preservation of the hazelnuts collection was carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops. As a result of selection work, new high-quality hazelnut varieties have been created at the Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops. On the basis of Institute collection in the last years the new best quality varieties were created as Karamanovsky (President), Kavkaz, Sochi-1, Sochi-2, Kuban, Perestroika, Kristina. They were included in the State Register of Selection Achievements of the Russian Federation. The value of hazelnut varieties developed in the Institute and adapted to the conditions of their cultivation lies in their economic efficiency and high-quality products. Institute varieties are the most important component of innovation and commercial activity, to carry out the Government of the Russian Federation import substitution program in agriculture. The modern varieties of Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops are used for industrial plantation of hazelnuts not only in Russia Federation, but also in Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria.

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The sterilization of explants is the most important step for the successful plants cultivation in vitro culture. The disinfectant have to neutralize the pathogenic microflora and do not damage of the plant tissues. This article present the assessment of the effectiveness of using the chlorine-containing tablets of the OKA-TAB trademark as an sterilizing substance for the rehabilitation of explants. One tablet of disinfectant contains 1.41-1.87g of active chlorine. For the illustrative treatment 0,5 % solution was used. The exposure time was 5 minutes. The presence of contamination, damage to the plant tissues (necrosis of objects) and the output of viable explants were taken into account. Apexes of SK 7, SK 2, SK 3, M 9, MM-106 apple rootstocks were introduced in vitro culture. Initiation was carried out during the active growth of shoots of apple rootstocks (May-June). Apexes were planted on a nutrient medium culture supplemented with the salts according to the prescription of Murashige and Skoog media (1962): ascorbic acid � 1 mg /l, vitamins of B1, B6 and PP � 0.5 mg /l, mesoinositol � 100 mg /l, sucrose � 30 g and agar-agar � 0,8 %, BAP � 0,4 mg /l. The plants were cultivated with the photoperiod of 16 hours, with air temperature of + 24 � 2 �C and illumination of 2-3 thousand lux. According to the study, it was found out that 0,5 % solution of chlorine-containing tablets at an exposure of 5 minutes had a higher efficiency. The yield of explants was 75-98 % depending on the genotype. Therefore, OKA-TAB tablets could be used for surface treatment of apple rootstock explants during the active period of shoot growth, as an alternative remedy to sublimate (0,1 %).

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The results of evaluation of short stratification periods with different durations influence the obtaining healthy microplants of sweet cherry hybrids from isolated unripe embryos in vitro culture are presented. Three sweet cherry varieties of super early, early and meddle term of ripening are studied. The sterilization scheme for immature sweet cherry embryos using a disinfectant in the form of tablets containing the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid was tested. The method showed the high efficiency, which was manifested in a low percentage of infected tubes. Three seeding were made at various times: after harvesting immediately, after 1 week, and after 3 weeks of stratification. The degree of plants development introduced in vitro culture was defined after 2, 3, and 5 weeks. Assessment of plants with root and leaves was carried out on a 5-point scale. Based on the development degree of plants introduced in vitro culture, a graph was created showing that the highest percentage of normally developing embryos of the Krasnodarskaya Rannya sweet cherry was observed in the group stratified for three weeks, than that stratified one week. In the group of the Krasa Kubani specimens, an opposite dependence is observed. The rate and degree of development of the Yaroslavna embryos without stratification are in the middle range between other studied samples with long and short stratification. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the varietal characteristics of samples prevail over the duration of stratification in order to increase in the yield of normally developed microplants obtained in vitro embryo culture.

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Tasty and technological qualities of raspberries depend not only on the genotype but also on their chemical composition, which is associated with soil and climatic conditions of plant growth. Long-term comparative study of raspberry samples on the main chemical characteristics in the foothills of Adygea allowed to determine the best among them. An assessment of more than 30 varieties of raspberries and one of the Rubus idaeus L. ecotypes (k-12897) was carried out. It is determined that, the content of dry substances in raspberries is about 13-19 %; sugars accumulate � 4-10 %; acidity (malic acid) � 1,4-2,6 %; vitamin C (ascorbic acid) � 21-43 mg %. Increased amount of dry matter (about 18 %) were allocated the berries such varieties as Aly Parus, Magnificent Delbard, Lloyd George, Turner. The varieties of Aly Parus, Magnificent Delbard and Carolina (9.6%) have a high sugar content in this zone. According to the amount of vitamin C in raspberries, the varieties of Alenushka, Aly Parus, Arbat, Generalissimus, Lloyd George, Mestnaya is Astrakhani, Meteor, Olathe, Turner (40-45 mg %) stood out. When tasting jam and raspberry compote, the appearance of the product, color, consistency, taste, aroma of jam, as well as the color, transparency and taste of the syrup were determined. Samples of raspberries, received the maximum overall score (4,9-5,0 points) Aly Parus, Skromnitsa, Kompanion, Prude, Shuntukskaya can be used to prepare the high-quality jam. All compotes were characterized by high taste qualities of berries, color of syrup and transparency. According to the general technological assessment (5.0 points), compotes from Hussar and Tarusa varieties were stand out.

Annotation

To assess the endurance of plants to oxidative stress, a wide range of indicators characterized the functional state of plants is used. As one of the most informative indicators, along with other enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, etc.), catalase is considered. The aim of this work was to study the effect of root application of calcium and magnesium-containing substances on the activity of catalase in the leaves of a tea plant. In the humid subtropical zone of Russia on tea plantations under the conditions of a field experiment with fertilizers, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in young shoots and mature leaves of Kolhida tea was studied. The dynamics of the concentration of cell sap of young shoots and the catalase activity of tea plant leaves during different periods of vegetation, including those covering drought in combination with short-term hyperthermia due to day dynamics, is shown. It was found that an increase in the concentration of cell sap of young shoots under stressful conditions was accompanied by an increase in the activity of mature leaf catalase (r = 0.60) and inhibition of catalase activity in young shoots (r = -0.59). The effect of the root use of calcium in the form of a natural substance (100 kg / ha CaO) and magnesium in the form of MgSO4 (60 kg / ha Mg) on the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in young shoots and mature tea leaves was studied. It is shown (in comparison with the control) an increase in the activity of catalase in mature leaves in certain periods against the background of the use of calcium-containing natural material. The use of magnesiumcontaining fertilizers reduced the resistance of plants to stress, which was recorded by a significant increase in the concentration of cell sap in young shoots and lower catalase activity in young and mature leaves.

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The article reveals the need to develop a computer program for the creation and control of the ampelocenoses production potential. This program is necessary for agricultural producers to make the control decisions on the creation and operation of ampelocenoses in order to ensure the competitiveness of produced products. The creation of united database of grape genetic resources and their quality indicators, manifested in the different soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation zones, will make it possible to quickly select the optimal assortment for all crop cultivation zones taking into account climate change, as well as to create the new highly effective variety forms, which is of significant interest for scientific institutions. The computer program being developed is based on spacious scientific knowledge, including data on varieties, the resource agroecological potential of grape growing regions, based on a systematic approach that provides the greatest degree of realization of the factors totality in the production process that determine the stability of fruiting, productivity and quality of grapes. As a result of the research, a system architecture was developed for the prototype of software methods to manage the integrated stability of grape agroecosystems to ensure maximum feasibility of the biological potential and self-reproduction of ampelocenoses under the conditions of technogenic intensification of production and climate change. The results of studies on the development of a database of economically valuable traits of various ecological and geographical origin grape varieties are presented, including a description of more than 80 traits and resource agroecological potential of grape cultivation areas in more than of 20 parameters, as well as the creation of basic models (laying a new vineyard) and operational models (care system for the existing vineyard) for cultivation technologies.

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The introduction of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies that ensure consistently high yields is one of the factors of sustainable development of the viticulture industry in Transdniestria. One of the elements of such technologies is the use of growth regulators. The aim of our research was to study the influence of growth regulators the structure of the cluster of grapes bunch of Vostorg and Talisman table varieties. The plants were treated twice: before flowering and during the period of berry growth. The following indicators were considered: the average mass of the bunch; weight and number of berries, including well-developed ones; ridge mass; percentage of berries and ridges; an indicator of the bunch`s structure, berry indicator. For the Vostorg and Talisman grape varieties, the growth regulators of gibberellin, mycephitus, zircon and epin-extra in the studied concentrations during double treatment contributed to an increase in the mass of the bunch and the number of berries, including well-developed ones. The use of these regulators led to a significant increase in the mass of the ridge, at the same time, the percentage of the mass of the ridge relative to the mass of the bunch decreased from 3.4 in the control to 2.3-3.0 in the experimental versions. The bunch`s structure indicator in all processing variants was higher than that in the control variant, but the berry indicator was lower. The highest values of the indicator of the bunch`s structure are noted when the use of the epin-extra. The lowest berry indicator of the Vostorg grape variety was noted when the treatment of plants with mycephitis, and the epin-extra when processing of Talisman. The effectiveness of growth regulators depended on the grape variety, as well as the preparation and its concentration.

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Studying the rot of the seed chamber leads to the appearance of a micocomplex of 7 species fungi: 5 species of Fusarium Link and 2 species of Alternaria Nees. Presence of species on varieties in different gardens were heterogeneous. The set of plant species was unique for every variety and garden. The most number of species of pathogenic fungi was found on the Idared variety in the Timashevsky district. Two species of Fusarium was first discovered as rot causing agent of apple fruits in the Krasnodar Territory � F. solani (Mart.) Sacc and F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel. Both species were found in the Dinsky district: one � at the Red Delicious variety, and the second � at the Starkrimson variety. Infection of flowers at the same time with two or three pathogens, which later co-developed in the seed chamber of the fruit, was established. The species of F. sporotrichiodes Sherb. was the most common in pathocomplexes. A study of the morphological and cultural characteristics of isolates of selected species in this study showed that cultural characteristics corresponded to those described earlier for these taxonomic units. For some species, the differences in growth rate, height, structure and color of aerial mycelium were noted. Most isolates of the species F. solani, F. semitectum, F. proliferatum (Matsushima), A. tenuissima ex Nees et T. Nees: Fries, and A. alternata (Fries: Fries) Keissler were characterized by rapid growth rates. According to the structure of the colonial aerial mycelium, homogeneous isolates � species F. solani, F. semitectum, F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc and heterogeneous isolates � species F. proliferatum, F. sporotrichiodes, were found. The color of aerial mycelium in most cases was homogeneous.

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Quality improvement and improvement of organoleptic characteristics of cognac in its production is achieved mainly due to the extraction of oak wood components, their transformation to aromatic aldehydes and tannins and their accumulation in the mature cognac distillate in optimal concentrations. The method of preparation of oak wood is an important technological technique that has a great impact the quality of cognac. When processing the wood, the dissolution of some of the components of the cell walls occurs, which leads to an increase in the volume of cell cavities, and, as a consequence, to an increase in porosity. Increased porosity and increased permeability of the cell wall of wood fibers provides a more complete extraction of lignin, tannins and aromatic aldehydes by distillate in the mature process of cognac distillation. At the same time, respectively, the mechanical properties of wood are changed. The article presents the results of studies of changes in the adsorption capacity (porosity) of oak wood using the different ways of its activation: acid, alkaline, thermal and biochemical activation. It is established that alkaline treatment leads to the strongest changes in the structure of oak wood, by increasing the adsorption capacity (porosity) by 4,7-5,6 times. In the process of heat treatment of oak wood the value of adsorption on its surface increases in 4,4 times, and at biochemical treatment � in 2,4-3,7 times in comparison with untreated wood. Acid treatment of oak wood was characterized by the lowest adsorption value among all the considered ways of treatments, increasing in the adsorption value by only 2,2-3 times.