Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF G.V. TRUSEVICH'S SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL IN THE INTENSIVE GARDENING

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This article present the assessment of competitiveness of scientific results in the field of intensive gardening, carried out for the last 15 years in the research of scientific-gardener of FSBSI NCFSCHVW � the followers of the founder of the intensive gardening, scientific school of Gavriil Vladimirovich Trusevich, Dr Sci. Agr., Proffessor, Honored Active Scientist of Russian Federation. The results of scientific and technical activity, which is characterized by technical solutions for modern fruit growing, is considered in the context of an intellectual product, from point of view of its technological and economic parameters that determine the criterions for competitiveness. This analysis is presented in the context of the conditions determined patentability, which is one of the ways to confirm a copyright and commercialize the developed technologies, by the way of further concluding licenses for the use of these technologies. The basis of elaborates is the received technical solutions to the problems of intensification of fruit production technologies, the level of their licensing and involvement them in economic activities. The possibility and necessity of involving the intellectual property objects in economic turnover is considered also as a driving force to increase in competition for the market of the scientific products. This article presents the most significant developments, first of all, reflecting the achievements in partial of the main technological elements of modern apple production � the leading fruit crop in the South of Russia, which include: selection and introduction of high-yielding varieties and the rootstocks reduced a growth vigor; the techniques of compact trees placing per unit of production area and the formation of low-volume crowns. The economic efficiency of developments confirmed by the acts of implementation in the advanced fruit-growing enterprises of the region is reflected also. The research results obtained will allow us to improve the effectiveness of scientific and technical activity management of the FSBSI NCFCHVW, to identify the vector preferred of the scientific school development for the intensification and improvement of the horticulture industry technological structure.

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The article presents the results of a multi-year comprehensive assessment of the SC (North Caucasus) apple rootstocks of the FSBSI NCFCHVW breeding. The variety of rootstocks biological properties allows you to create the perennial orchards for certain cultivation technologies, as well as f or specific soil and climatic conditions. The use of genetic weak vigor of rootstocks allows you to regulate the vigor of tree, their rate of fruitfulness and productivity. In the context of climate change, the importance of rootstock resistance to weather stresses makes more and more significant. Based on the results of a long-standing comprehensive assessment of positive and negative signs, there were recommended for use in the breeding of highly adaptive weakly growing apple rootstocks: the rootstock of SK 2U as origin of signs of fast fruiting, winter hardiness, drought resistance; rootstocks of SK 3, SK 4 and SK 7 � as origin of weak growth, fast fruiting and winter hardiness. The results of research on the influence of rootstocks and the depth degree when planting the seedlings with high oculation (40 cm) the growth and yield of apple trees in the garden are presented. Against the background of increasing the stresses of the summer growing season, deeper planting provided the better conditions for the implementation of the apple-trees biopotential. In the Prikubanskoe apple variety on the semi-dwarf rootstock of SK 2U, the yield at a planting depth of 25-29 cm is expected to be 22.2 % higher than at standard depth, and in the Kuban Bagryanoe (as a less drought-resistant variety) much more � up to 2 times. The advantage of more deep planting of trees on the rootstock of SK 4 is confirmed by the value of the total yield for 5 years of fruiting � the excess to control is 22-60 %. The introduction of the apple rootstocks domestic breeding with high adaptive capacity under the conditions of the North Caucasus, provides the higher yield capacity and stability of production, meeting the criterions of the import substitution strategy of the Russian Federation.

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Native and international experience shows that the most resource-saving way to significantly reduce the growth vigor of apple trees is to graft them on rootstocks of dwarf and semi-dwarf growth vigor. It reduces the planting scheme and sharply increases the number of plants planted per unit area, which is the main structural feature of intensive plantation of perennial fruit crops. In the framework of the joint program of apple rootstock breeding carried out since 2001 by the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making� and the Stavropol Experimental Station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC� the apple rootstocks of the St series were created. The article presents the results of studying the growth and yield of Zolotoy Potok apple trees grafted on 28 new rootstocks of the St series. The experimental garden was laid in the fall of 2010, the planting scheme is 4x1.6 m. The hybrid forms of apple rootstocks were ranked according to the growth vigor of grafted trees. Rootstocks of dwarf and semi-dwarf growth vigor are of the greatest practical interest. In the experiment, 21 forms correspond to these parameters from 28 rootstocks studied. The analysis of long-term data is carried out on the yield of Zolotoy Potok apple-tree on hybrid rootstocks of the St series of different growth vigor. The statistically significant influence of the rootstock genotype the yield of variety-rootstock combinations was established. The highest average annual yield of Zolotoy Potok apple-tree was provided by rootstocks St 8-1 and St 27-1 (from the group of very weakly growth vigor), as well as dwarf St 21-1 and semi-dwarf rootstocks of St 18-5. The selection in the garden of the most productive new apple rootstocks of St series with high adaptive capacity under the North Caucasus conditions, will significantly increase in the apple fruit production and to rise the use efficiency of resource potential of the region.

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In the scientific institutions of different countries, purposeful selection work is carried out to improve the assortment of rootstocks, to study their adaptive capabilities, and to identify donors and origins of selection-significant features. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE �Institute for Fruit Growing� (Belarus) the apple rootstocks of the St serie of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making and the Stavropol Experimental Station on Horticulture, a branch of the North Caucasus Federal Research Center breeding are testing. The article presents the results of the assessment of economic and biological peculiarity of 4 forms of St serie Apple rootstocks in the rootstocks uterine plantings in 2016-2018. Planting scheme is 1.4 x 0.3 m., the plot is not irrigated. The analysis of the main meteorological indicators � the temperature regime during the growing season, the amount of precipitation � indicates of their contrasting nature in the years of research. It allowed us to objectively carry out the comparative assessment of plant studied development. According to the results of the assessment of winter hardiness in the field, the absence of significant damage to plants was noted. Preliminary results on the data of the beginning and ending of plants vegetation, the assessment of thermal territory resources over the years of research show that the heat supply and duration of periods with an average daily air temperature above 5, 10 ºC correspond to the biological needs of the studied clonal rootstocks of the St serie. Based on the results of assessment of biometric indicators (shoot-forming ability, plant height, degree of branching, aging, rooting), the rootstock of St 19-5 was selected, which is characterized by the best indicators in the Belarus. According to the results of studies carried out in the Krasnodar at high temperatures against the background of drought in the summer growing season, St 18-3 rootstocks in 2015 and St 19-5 in 2017 were identified as origin of productivity and layers standard in the maternal rootstocks plantings.

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Scientific-based use of the best varietyrootstock combinations of fruit crops is the one of the defining factors for improving the efficiency of gardening in the implementation of the import substitution strategy. Within the framework of the Agreement for creative cooperation, in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution �Caspian Agricultural Federal scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences� the �pple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making, providing high adaptability and productivity of grafted trees of various apple varieties are tested. The article presents the results of the third stage of the study of the different growth vigor apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series. The research was carried out in 2015�2019 at the experimental plot of the fruit garden of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution �Caspian agricultural Federal scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences� in the orchards of 2011 planting. The purpose of the research is to study and select the apple varietyrootstock combinations that the most fully realize the production potential under the arid conditions. It was found that the rate of fruitfulness of all varieties was most affected by dwarf rootstocks of �� 3 and �� 4, the trees on which bloomed and formed the fruits in the first or second year after planting. Under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region, the greatest biometric parameters were found for the next varieties: Renet Simirenko in combination with all rootstocks, and Idared on medium-sized rootstocks. Idared and Melba varieties were characterized by more restrained growth in combination with the dwarf rootstocks and semi-dwarf �� 2. The maximum indexes of average yield in the first five years of commodity fruiting was obtained in the Renet Simirenko variety on dwarf rootstocks of �� 3, �� 4 (37.4...33.6 t / ha) and Idared on �� 1, �� 4 (32.8...46.3 t/ha).

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The article presents the results of the study of the influence NV-101 growth stimulator and fertilizers of Gumi-30 super-universal and Siliplant the biometric and physiological indicators of apple saplings. The experiments were based on leached chernozem in 2016-2018. Zoned in the conditions of Central Chernozem Region a scab immune apple variety of Bolotovskoe was grafted on medium rootstock 54-118. The repeatability of experiments is threefold, with 50 plants per repeat. The layout of plants is single-row, the distance between rows is 90 cm, the distance between plants in a row is 20-25 cm. The saplings were treated with a knapsack sprayer according to the scheme of experiments 4 times per season with an interval of two weeks, starting from the third decade of May. The final purpose of the research carried out was to increase in the production of high-quality apple planting material based on the use of environmentally friendly preparations. It is shown that the use of the NV-101 growth stimulator of biological origin promotes an activation of growth processes, resulting in the increase in the foliage of apple saplings, chlorophyll content in the leaves, plant transpiration intensity, the root development, the yield of standard saplings. It was found that the complex treatment of apple saplings with HB-101 the growth stimulator in combination with fertilizers of Gumi 30 super universal and Siliplant significantly improves all the studied indicators compared to the control without treatment and with the version where only the growth stimulator of HB-101 was used. There were no statistically proven differences in the studied parameters in the case of using Gumi 30 super universal and Siliplant fertilizers.

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An improved method for growing the clone rootstocks for apple-trees with lignified cuttings is presented. It is recommended for use in fruit nurseries located on dense soils with close location of groundwater. It is shown that with a shortage of layering of propagated rootstocks for an apple tree, this method is economically profitable due to the possibility of using the additional cuttings such as underdeveloped or not rooted cuttings, the upper part of the rootstock growth like layering, rootstock-oculant, which are usually utilized in the production of sapling. It has been established that a positive result is achieved by treating the lignified cuttings with an aqueous IBA solution in combination with cofactors and ensuring the optimal conditions for stratification in special germination chambers (proposed by the author) and further cultivation of rootstock material in special ridges with dispersive irrigation. It is shown that the use of a germination chamber gives a highquality callus formation, while it is possible to cultivate the required number of cutting during subsequent ridges in the basement. The use of special ridges helps to avoid the rootstock being infected with pathogens from diseases such as verticiliasis, root rot and cancer. The advantage of the proposed method over the generally accepted one layering is revealed, which consists in the ability to use manual labor during the recession of field work and to get more high-quality material in the area where the process of hilling in the mother nursery is complicated due to very dense clay soils. It was found that the rootstocks reproduction during period from 8-9 month to one year high (90 %); outlet of standard rootstocks � up to 50-70 %.

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A series of 11 clonal rootstocks, which are of value for use in intensive type technologies for the cultivation of plums, peaches and apricots, has been bred at the Krymsk Experiment Breeding Station. They are characterized by adaptability, productivity, weak growing and easy vegetative propagation. The effectiveness of their use in the North Caucasus is shown. The best varietyrootstock plum home combinations have been identified and proposed for use in production plantations: Kubanskaya Legenda/VVA 1, Kabardinskaya Rannyaya/VVA 1, Golubaya Mechta/VVA 1, Ballada /VVA 1, Ballada/VVA 1, Kubanskaya Legenda / Best, Kabardinskaya Rannyaya/ Best; for russian plum: Globus/VVA 1, Kubanskaya Cometa/VVA 1; for peach: Pamyat� Simirenko/Vesennee Plamya, Pamyat� Simirenk /Evrika 99; for apricot: Krasnoshchekiy/Evrika 99, Krasnoshchekiy/Druzhba. For a wide production testing for compatibility and use in intensive technologies, are the most promising the new weak-growing rootstocks of Best and Upryamets. It has been established that all recommended rootstocks reproduce well with green and lignified cuttings, especially the clonal rootstocks of Kuban 86, Evrika 99, Best. Clonal rootstocks of Best, VVA 1, Evrika 99 are well compatible with all varieties of plums, apricots and peaches. High winter hardiness and drought tolerance of all studied clonal rootstocks were established. The highest winter hardiness, even in the middle zone of fruit growing in Russia, was observed in clonal rootstocks of VVA 1, Druzhba, Best, Evrika 99, and Upryamets. High stability to drought was identified in Kuban 86, Evrika 99, VSV 1, Zarevo rootstocks; resistance to chlorosis � in Kuban 86 and VSV 1; resistance to soil waterlogging � in VVA 1, Evrika 99, Zarevo, Upryamets; resistance to soil pathogens � in Kuban 86, Alab 1, VVA 1 rootstocks.

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The results of rooting the perspective clonal rootstocks for sweet cherry (P. avium) and sour cherry (P. cerasus) as well as was explored their compability with scion in the nursery are presented. The work was carried out at the base of the Krymsk EBS, VIR Branch in the rows, mist-forming systems for growing clonal rootstocks and nursery. The objects were clone forms that tested for rooting by lignified and green cuttings as well as their use as rootstocks of sweet cherries and sour cherries. The results of the research show that the tested forms have a high percentage of rooting the lignified and green cuttings. It was determined that the forms of C 56-12×VSL 2, C 39-4, A-9×VSL 2 (2341-1) and the LORY series have tolerance to cuttings which are infected by a ringspot virus. All tested forms in the nursery are well compatible with the varieties of sweet cherry and sour cherry, however, the Vstrecha cherry variety with rootstocks of VSL 2 and RVL 9 displays the mechanical incompatibility. Saplings that have been grafted on the exploratary forms begin to branch in the nursery, laying the first side-shoot at height of 50-70 cm. The tests with the sweet cherry variety of Lapins have shown that applying of RVL 8 rootstocks, which had been obtained by Krymsk EBS in 2000, contributes the better branching of saplings in the nursery and the increasing of inclination of the branch from stem over 75 �. It is shown that the rootstocks that were studied have different growth vigor: the characteristics of C 56-12 ×VSL 2, A-9 ×VSL 2 2341-1, RVL 8 and Grizela 6 are the semi-vigorous and semi-dwarfs rootstocks. The series LORY and RVL 9 are the vigorous rootstocks.

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To increase the productivity and stability of fruiting of plants, the horticulture industry needs the adaptive varieties and rootstocks in the specific growing zones. Based on global and local changes in weather and climate conditions, the selection of genotypes resistant to the most often occurring stresses of various types is a permanent process. The paper shows that in recent years, the directions in breeding to create the rootstocks forms that can reproduce under the conditions of elevated temperatures in the spring-summer period and a significant lack of moisture are especially relevant. The most of interest are rootstocks, which easily rooted by hardwood cuttings in the first field of the nursery, because this is the least costly method does not required large capital investments. Such rootstocks had already identified in the nursery as heat-resistant and drought-resistant, significantly increase in the adaptive potential of scion-rootstock combinations with their participation. An equally important characteristics in the South of Russia is the resistance of rootstocks to the bacterial cancer (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). The pathogen of root cancer is positively affected by a neutral or slightly alkaline soil environment, therefore this disease is often observed in the North Caucasus and its harmfulness is significant, the control disease measures are costly and difficult. As a result of research, we carried out the rootstocks of PK SK 1, PK SK 2 with high rooting of hardwood cuttings in the first field of the nursery and resistance to root cancer were selected. They were allocated to the elite and patented and introduced in the State Register of Selection Achievements. The use of these rootstocks in horticulture and nursery farming will allow us to use the resource-saving technologies and to obtain the high-quality planting material for stone fruit crops and to increase in the yield of fruit orchards.

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The rootstocks that are highly productive and resistant to adverse environmental factors are one of the basic elements for constructing the modern intensive technologies for fruit crops cultivation. The rootstocks that are maximally adapted to climatic conditions are required, which can provide a high reliability and productivity of the garden. Of greatest interest are genotypes with a wide range of cultivation, this indicates a high biopotential of plants. The main goal of the work was to study the economically valuable traits of a number of clonal rootstocks for plum-tree, including the rootstocks of joint breeding of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making and the Stavropol Experimental Station of Horticulture during their cultivation under different ecological and geographical conditions in the Minsk Region (Belarus) and in the Prikuban gardening zone of the Krasnodar Territory (Russia). As a result of the studies, the influence of the soil-climatic conditions of the cultivation zones on the economically valuable indicators of rootstocks was revealed. The shoot formation ability of uterine bushes, the level of branching, and the clasterosporium affection o f annual shoots of VPK-1, BBA-1, Spring Flame, Speaker, PK SK 1 (PKG 25/1), PK SK 2 (PKG13 / 1) rootstocks were assessed. Their degree of rooting with green cuttings is estimated. The PK SK 1 and PK SK 2 rootstocks were identified according to the productivity of uterine-orchards in two studied zones. These rootstocks can be used in breeding as origin of drought resistance and heat resistance. They have a high percentage of rooting by green and lignified cuttings. According to the set of positive characteristics the rootstocks of SK 1 and SK 2 were allocated to the elite in 2018 and 2020, they were patented and were entered into the State Register of selection achievements of Russia.

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The quality of the produced planting material of fruit crops has a direct impact on the longevity, the beginning of fruiting and productivity of orchards. For the planting material production of a high quality category, the various agricultural ways are used in the practice of world and domestic nursery farming. The global use of chemicals in the plant growing leads to aggravation of ecology, and the physical and biological components of the soil. All this extremely negatively affects the immunity and productivity of plants. In this regard, at present, the domestic gardening and nursery farming urgently needs the techniques and methods that would combine the efficiency and resource saving when growing the seedlings and explants in vitro. To solve this problem, the use of modern resource-saving technologies is necessary. Today, more and more attention is paid to methods of obtaining the high-quality planting material using the microbiological preparations and bioagents based on strains of bacteria and fungi. The microorganisms used synthesize a number of substances, including indolylbutyric acid, which stimulate the growth and development of plants, and significantly effect the rhizogenesis and inhibit the development of soil phytopathogens. The paper presents a literature review of domestic and foreign studies on the increased global use of microbiological preparations, their positive effect the various substances in the system �plant-host - microbiological preparations - environmental conditions in various ecological and geographical areas�. Based on the results of the presented review, a table has been compiled of the most effective interaction between various plants and biological preparation according to domestic and foreign studies. According to the analyzed data, the greatest influence the plant growth and development was exerted by bacteria and fungi of the genera: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aureofacience, Glomus spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens.

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The biological potential of plum-tree allows to cultivate it according to innovative technologies involving the use of clone rootstocks and compacted planting schemes. The paper presents the results of observations of Eureka-99 and VVA-1 clonal rootstocks growing in the garden under the dry conditions of Astrakhan Region. The control was the trees grafted on apricot seedlings. The purpose of research is to assess the economic and biological indicators of Renclod Altana plum variety (peculiarities of tree`s growth and development, fast maturity, productivity, fruit weight) when growing on clone rootstocks and to base their use for laying the intensive plum plantations under the arid conditions of the Astrakhan Region. It was found that the clonal rootstock accelerate the beginning of the main development phenological phases of scion-rootstock combinations. Compared with the control, the winter dormancy period of plants studied ends 12 ... 14 days earlier, the beginning of vegetation and flowering are ahead of the control by 8...10 and 5...6 days, respectively. It is shown that the Renclod Altana variety on clonal rootstocks has more compact trees, their height at the age of six years is about 2.5...2.7 m, the crown volume is 2.1...2.4, m3, the cross-section area of the stem is 8.5...18.1 cm. In the first stage of research it is revealed the influence of weakly rootstocks tested the early fruiting of plum trees: flowering was observed in the second year, fruiting � in the third year, on the seed rootstock � in the fifth year. In the initial period of fruiting, the clonal rootstocks provided higher productivity of Renclod Altana plum trees which was 8.4 kg / tree on VVA-1 and 13.6 kg / tree on the Eureka-99. The largest plum fruits are formed on the semi-dwarf rootstock of Eureka-99 (30.4 g).

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A distinctive feature of the grape rootstock � it provides an economic yield not only of grape berries, but also of cuttings, which are used as a rootstock for grafting. Recently, new grape varieties have been created, that are tolerant to phylloxera and provide an economic yield of berries, the vine of these varieties can be used as a rootstock. When choosing a rootstock variety for each specific plot (zone), the phylloxera resistance, lime resistance, affinity, drought resistance, frost resistance, vegetation period, and nematode resistance are very important. There are no universal rootstocks that would fully possess the above properties. For each specific case, it is necessary to select those varieties of rootstocks that would more closely meet the natural conditions of the area. 13 new hybrid forms of grape rootstocks were studied, during the research data were obtained on the rootstock growth and development, morphology and yield. Research on the development of new hybrid rootstock forms of stocks has been conducted since 2010, these hybrids were obtained by crossbreeding and grown from seeds, from 3 to 4 years of age they began to yield berries and vines. This article presents data of the study from 2015 to up 2017. Over the course of long standing research, the individual combinations of crosses have shown very good results on growth vigor of bushes, shoots ripening, chlorine resistance, side shoot formation and resistant to disease and vermin infection. All hybrid bushes were exposed to artificial infection with phylloxera 2 times per year. This experiment showed that the bushes are not susceptible to infection, with the exception of 2 bushes of Krasnostop AZOS x f7 hybrid form, and 2 bushes of the Cabernet AZOS x f7 were affected by the leaf form of phylloxera.

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The paper presents the results of experimental studies concerning the effect of different concentrations of sorbitol on the growth rate of the Agat Donskoy, Vostorg and Cabernet Sauvignon grape varieties at the stage of micro propagation in vitro. Agat Donskoy variety under the influence of sorbitol showed a decrease in the intensity of growth processes at the initial stage and an increase in further cultivation. During the entire period of cultivation, plants of Vostorg variety showed stimulation of growth processes at sorbitol`s concentrations of 5,0 g/l and 7,5 g/l and suppression of growth at concentrations of 10,0-30,0 g/l. All indicators of plant development in these variants were lower than the control ones. The possibility of long non-stop cultivation (up to 4 months) of Vostorg grapevine plants with the addition of sorbitol to the nutrient medium has been proved. Moreover, the plants were better preserved in a solid nutrient medium in the light, and the decrease in growth processes was more significant in a liquid nutrient medium. Cultivation in darkness inhibited the growth but there was also a large loss of plants. Studies were continued on the grapes plants of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety on a solid nutrient medium in the range of sorbitol concentrations 5,0-60,0 g/l. Intensity of growth processes in variants with sorbitol throughout the entire period of cultivation was slowed down. In addition to the inhibitory role of sorbitol at concentrations of 10,0; 20,0; 30,0 g/l the stimulation of grapevine growth processes at the minimum concentrations of the drug: 5,0 and, especially, 7,5 g/l was found out. The best safety of viable plants was noted in the variant of 7,5 g/l � 92,9 %. The possibility of non-stop storage of plants for 10 or more months was revealed.

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In this study, we present the experimental data of optimizing the protocol for using different combinations of phytohormones (6-BAP, GA3) to increase in tea microshoots in vitro culture. Subculturing was done in regular intervals from four to 16 weeks (four subcultures). It was find that adding growth regulator BAP to the nutrient medium, according to the prescription of Murashige-Skoog, the concentration of 3 mg/l had a significant effect the number of producing shoots. With an increase dose up to 5 mg/l, due of callus tissue proliferation, the inhibition of reproduction were recording. In the variants of experiments, with combination of different concentrations of BAP and GA3, microshoots multiplication was observed, in comparison with the experiment when BAP was not presented. The best effect of the GA3 addition in the average number of producing microshoots was demonstrated in the fourth subculture BAP in concentration of 3 mg/l + GA3 0,5 � 1 mg/l (7-7,4 qt./expl.) At the same time, gibberellic acid supported not only increasing in the quantity of adventitious microshoots, but also its proliferation in height, and it can be used for further multiplication, and shortening of rhizogenesis stage. A decrease in the microshoots quantity from one explant, lengthening of their meristem, morphology changing, and the appearance of fasciation symptoms are associated with the use of BAP higher concentrations (5-7 mg/l). On the green mass from one explant, there was a distinction in the results between different combinations of growth regulators. The largest green mass weight (385 mg), on nutrient medium of MS + 5 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l GA3 was obtained. The presence of BAP (7 mg/l) + GA3 (0,5-1 mg/l) supported to callus growth, which was the reason for the green mass weight decrease.

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DNA-markers are an important tool for identifying grape varieties, making it possible to assume the origin of the variety, and to confirm or deny the information about the parent forms of a particular genotype. SSR markers of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the main minimum set in the work on genotyping the grape varieties. Using this set of SSR markers, we were genotyping the grape varieties of Antaris, Litdar, Mitsar, Dmitriy of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding. As a control to clarify the size of identified alleles, we used the DNA of reference varieties of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. DNA samples were isolated from young shoots. DNA profiling was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with analysis of the reaction`s products by capillary electrophoresis. Based on the obtained genotyping data, the following DNA passports of varieties were formed: Antaris VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27193 195 VVMD5230 242 VrZAG62188 200 VrZAG79251 261; Litdar VVS2133 135 VVMD7249 249 VVMD27180 195 VVMD5236 240 VrZAG62186 204 VrZAG79247 255; Mitsar VVS2139 143 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27182 190 VVMD5238 242 VrZAG62194 202 VrZAG79247 259; Dmitriy VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 251 VVMD27190 190 VVMD5234 234 VrZAG62194 194 VrZAG79243 261. To clarify the origin of the studied varieties, we compared the data obtained and the DNA profiles of the corresponding parent forms. The information about the origin of the varieties Antaris (Saperavi x Tsimlyanskiy chornyi), Litdar (Hindogny x Muscat Hamburg), Mitsar (Sereksiya x Cabernet Sauvignon), Dmitriy (Varusset x Granatovyi) is fully consistent with the data obtained by analyzing the DNA profiles of the genotypes of these varieties and their parent forms. Generated DNA passports can be used to identify the plants of these varieties and to check the planting material for purity, as well as for copyright protection.

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As a result of many years study of grape technical hybrid forms the several hybrids were selected in elite. On the basis of phenological observations and agrobiological, morphological and chemical analyses, , it is concluded that these forms are recommended for the preparation of in dry and dessert wine. It was found that the content of phenolic substances in the berries is much higher in the studied elite hybrid forms than that in the control varieties. There is the lowest content of nitrogenous substances, which indicates a low probability of the so-called �strangulation� of future wines in these forms. The studied elite wine hybrids have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.0-1.2, the fertility coefficient � 1.3-1.4, the yield per bush � 6.0 kg. The elite hybrid forms studied in 2019 had good aging growth rates (of up to 69 %). They are much superior t o the mechanical composition of the bunches of control varieties: of the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin with seeds. This suggests that these elite hybrid forms can be the title of varieties, that is, they can be submitted to the State variety testing. The breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of viticulture and winemaking are doing a lot of work aimed at breeding new high-quality and productive technical varieties adapted to local conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera, noted that the requirements for wine grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines for which they can be used.

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The purpose of the research is to study the introduced technical grapevine varieties of various ecological and geographical origin; to identify the adaptive, economic and technological potential of the samples in order to select genotypes with improved economically significant properties under the condition of the Lower Don Region. The study of the varieties was carried out in 2017-2019 at the Ya.I. Potapenko Don ampelographic collection (Novocherkassk), according to generally accepted methods and State Standards in viticulture. Based on the results of research and observations, the data of phenological phases, economic and valuable indicators of varieties (yield, average mass of the bunch, crop conditions, etc.) are obtained, as well as wine tasting evaluations. According to the number of days (from budding to full maturity of berries), the varieties were ripening by maturation period: from early-middle to late period. Very high yield was in 7 varieties: Adreuli Shavi, Norok, Megrabuir, Nakutvneuli, Merlot, Tashkentskiy, Goruli Mtsvane. The average bunch weight of the studied varieties varied from 69 g (Mudjuretuli) to 502 g (Adreuli Shavi). It is noted a very high sugar content of berry juice (more than 23 g/100 cm3) in 8 varieties � Barhatniy, Merlot, Vlesh, Amlahu, Riesling Muscatniy, Mudjuretuli, Rubinoviy Magaracha, Dimatskun. Dry table wines from the following varieties received the high tasting ratings (a passing score of 8.2): Riesling Rhenskiy (8.8 points), Rubinoviy Magaracha, Grubela, Cabernet Sauvignon (8.7 points). Eleven samples were rated at 8.6 points. Wines from the Mudjuretuli, Amlahu, Megrabuir, VIR-1 received 8.5 points. A liqueur wine made from the Barhatniy grape variety received 8.7 points. The complex agrobiological and economically valuable characteristics under the conditions of the Lower Don Region we pointed out the varieties: Rubinoviy Magaracha, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dimackun, Goruli Mtsvane, Nakutvneuli, Norok, Riesling Muscatniy, Merlot, Grdzelmtebana, Megrabuir, Grubella and Tashkenskiy.

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The results of an assessment of 24 varieties of cherry ordinary (Cerasus vulgaris L.), which is 44% of the genetic collection of North-Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making are presented in this paper. The assessment was carried out according to the main biological characteristics � laying of fruit buds, flowering intensity, flower reduction, productivity, fruit bearing coefficient, which determine the industrial and breeding value of the variety. The dates are determined of the phenological stages of the seasonal development of the fruit tree of ordinary cherry and their duration in the South of Russia. In addition, the possible deviations in the timing of the phenophases processes are described, depending on weather and climatic factors, and their influence on the yield of cherry varieties. The biological productivity assessment showed a high level (4.0-5.0 points) for the laying of fruit buds, which accordingly determined good flowering (4.0-5.0 points). It has been established that a large reduction of flowers in cherry varieties Vstrecha, Kelleris, Orotak, Fanal, Feya is 84-95 %, the yield was 2.5-13.0 kg per tree. With less falling of unfertilized flowers in the amount of 67.0-70.0 % in varieties Azlaniya, Dyuk Ivanovna, Orlitsa 6, Shokoladnitsa, the productivity increased up to 22.0- 28.0 kg per tree. A direct correlation between the dependence (R2 = 0.5928) of the ratio of reduced flowers number and trees productivity was revealed. The calculation of the fruiting coefficient has showed a large variation of this indicator � from 7 to 70 % in the studied varieties of ordinary cherry. The maximum efficiency of the realization of the generative potential (63-70 %) has cherry varieties of Azlania, Dyuk Ivanovna, Krupnoplodnaya. Mathematical processing of the data showed an extensive variability of the biological cherry characteristics � 10-51 %, as indicated by the coefficient of variation.

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The results of the study of microbial communities of the arable layer of two types of zonal soils under the peach tree in the Southern Region are presented. The substantiation of relevance of carrying out system monitoring of microbiological diversity under the conditions of garden monoculture is made. The main purpose of the work is a comparative assessment of changes in microbiological indicators of brown forest slightly unsaturated soil and leached chernozem in anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. The experimental plots were located in the plantations of fruitbearing peach of high-yielding varieties zoned in the region in the humid subtropical climate of the Black sea coast and the Central zone of the Krasnodar territory. The microflora features of upper (arable) soil layer were analyzed. Based on the climatic feature of region the soil for research was selected in the winter period � in the first decade of December. For microbiological studies, the main groups of soil microorganisms � reducers of plant residues that form a microbial complex were selected . The main morphological groups (bacteria, actinobacteria, and micromycetes) of soil microorganisms were accounted for using traditional methods. The analysis of the number of microorganisms was carried out in relation to agrochemical indicators of soils and weather conditions during the sampling period. The structure of the microbocenosis was quantitatively dominated by the physiological group of saprophytic bacteria. On average, the number of actinobacteria and micromycetes was 1-2 orders of magnitude lower. The arable layer of leached black soil under the peach orchard was characterized by higher values of saprotrophic aerobic bacteria in comparison with brown soil. The content of producers of antibiotic substances � actinobacteria in leached chernozem was 2.4 times lower. The population of the upper layer of two types of soil containing the bulk of plant residues differed slightly. Some excess of the content of soil fungi in the borozem is probably due to higher soil acidity. The revealed features of the composition of the microbocenosis of two types of soils are the basis for continuing the biomonitoring, which allows using agricultural methods to develop the possible ways of rational use of microorganisms activity to increase in soil fertility.

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It is presents the results of study of the effect of turfing the row spacing of an apple orchard with legumes-cereals grass mixtures on the water penetration of the soil, as well as on the accumulation in the soil of detritus organic substance. The research carried out found that in the row spacing of apple orchards with the sowing of legumes and cereals, the productivity of biomass depended on the ratio of red clover and Timothy meadow. When the ratio of red clover Timothy meadow 1: 1, the mass of dry matter in the soil of row spacing on average for 3 years was 6.52 t/ha. An increase in the cenosis of red clover to 70 % increased in the amount of dry matter for 3 years up to 7.10 t/ha. The most amount of labile organic matter in the form of detritus is formed in the row spacing soil in the variant with clover and Timothy meadow in the ratio of 7:3. On average, over 3 years, the amount of detritus in the row spacing soil was 0.25%, which is almost 2 times higher than its quantity in the control variant. Studies carried out have shown that the composition of herbaceous vegetation used in the drawing of row spacing also affects the water penetration of the soil. The amount of absorbed water with natural turf was minimal and for the first hour of 1089 ml, for the second hour � 961 ml, and the third hour � 578 ml. In case of sowing in the rows spacing of garden the clover-Timothy meadow grass mixture the amount of soil absorbed water was greater. The maximum amount of water was absorbed by soil in the variant with sowing of clover and Timothy grass in the ratio of 7:3.

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The results of study on the harmfulness and spreaning of bacterial diseases of grapes in the agrocenosis of the Rostov Region are presented. The main harm to vineyards in Russia is caused by bacteriosis of berries and bacterial cancer. The manifestation of bacteriosis on grape berries in the Rostov Region was previously observed only in some years, the development of the disease was weak and had a focal character. In recent years, we have noted the expansion of its range and increasing of harmfulness. The disease manifests itself annually, but the degree of susceptibility varies by years and grape variety. Intensive development of the disease was observed in 2018. Plants of the Lakhedi Mezesh and Baklanovsky variety were most affected. No disease was noted in the varieties of Magia, Talisman. Tumor growths caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium Vitis and formed on the lignified parts of the bush, interfere with sap flow and nutrition of plants, reduce their productivity, durability and resistance to adverse conditions. The lifespan of vineyards directly correlates with their sparseness and the intensity of bacterial cancer (r = 0.79). The bushes with bacterial cancer, compared with healthy ones, have significant differences in the number of fruiting shoots (by 20-40 %), in yield (by 20-32 %), and in ripening of the vine (by 8-20 %). The deterioration of agrobiological and economic indicators in the infected plants can be explained by a significant deterioration in plant nutrition, not only due to a decrease in the volume of the conducting system due to vascular necrosis, but also due to the consumption of plastic substances on the growth of the cancerous tumor itself, which leads to the gradual depletion of the plant and its death. The main factor in the spread of bacterial diseases is human economic activity related to the reproduction of grapes, the production of grafted planting material, therefore, the most effective way to combat bacterial diseases is the procurement and propagation of healthy planting material.

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The results of sensory evaluation of apple juice from fruits of a number of cultivars, depending on the period of fruit harvest, are presented. The objects of research were immune apple varieties All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding selection. The control was the Antonovka Obyknovennaya variety. Sensory analysis of the juice was carried out in dynamics parallel to the harvest dates of the apples. The analysis was carried out by the testing commission at closed degustations. The appearance and taste of juice Were assessed. It was found that the attractiveness of the juice slightly depended on the period of fruit harvest � average rating for juice appearance from the fruits of all harvest dates is to 4.4 points in 2011, 4.5 points in 2012 and 4.4 points in 2013, which was also confirmed by low values of the variation coefficient of estimation for the juice appearance depending on the dates harvest (1,4....4,5 %). There were more clear differences between the taste ratings of juice obtained from fruits of different harvest periods. The average values of ratings for the taste of juice increased from the first date to the third date of harvest, when the fruit reached the optimal degree of maturity and accumulated the maximum amount of sugars. The taste of the juice was more dependent on the degree of fruits maturity, than the appearance of the juice. Obviously, the fruit indicators that affect the attractiveness of the apple juice are less dependent on the degree of maturity than the indicators that determine juice taste. The optimal combination of indicators that form the best taste of fruit and, consequently, juice, is achieved only at a certain point of maturity. Therefore, the period of fruit harvest significantly affects the formation of the taste of the apple juice.

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For more complete extraction of biologically active substances from black currant berries, as well as destruction of pectins and colloids, in the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries, the enzyme preparation of Trenolin Thermo DF with high polygalacturonase activity (2042) was used, which contributed to an increase in the concentration of vitamins, polyphenolic and pectin substances in the juice. It is proved that the processing of berries with an enzyme preparation also affects their antioxidant potential, increasing it by two. To achieve the highest efficiency of extracting anthocyanins and other polyphenolic substances from the skin of the black currant berry, the method of pulp fractionation with step-by-step processing was applied. Enzymatic hydrolysis of high-molecular components of plant raw materials was carried out, depending on the structure of the hydrolyzed polymer and the desired degree of cleavage. The dependence of the yield of target components in easily digestible form on the time, concentration of preparation and temperature of fermentation was noted. The results of research are presented, taking into account the optimally selected parameters of enzyme processing and the type of berry raw materials. The yield of bioloqically active substances after four hours of fermentation increased taking into account the dosage of the introduced enzyme Trenolin Thermo DF. With an increase in its concentration, the content of vitamin C, P and anthocyanins changed proportionally. The highest yield of biologically active substances was observed when adding the enzyme preparation Trenolin Thermo DF to black currant pulp of 0.3 %. The optimal temperature for the highest yield of vitamins, polyphenolic and pectin substances from berry raw materials is 30 ºC. It is established, that the use of the enzyme preparation of Trenolin Thermo DF in the experimentally selected concentration, temperature and hydrolysis time allows increasing the yield of biologically active substances from black currant berries in an easily digestible form.

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The increasing in the rate of national production requires the continuous quality control and competitiveness of products. This task is inextricably linked to the expansion of research opportunities in this field through the use of new analytical methods. The effective use of product control methods requires in turn the development of new standards including modern research methods and evolution of product quality. Standards for product control methods must ensure the comprehensive verification of mandatory product quality requirements, and should be objective and accurate. One of the methods of checking the use of requirements to the quality of ready products can be organoleptic analysis. The field of application of organoleptic analysis is wide: development of a new product at the enterprise, control of the product quality at all stages of production and sale, study of the structure of purchasing demand and preparation of forecasts for the sale of ready products, etc. Organoleptic analysis is mainly used in the food industry at all stages of production: from manufacture to sale of products. The article presents the results of tasting of various types of "A" company products as coffee, tea and wine. Tasting was carried out not only to assess the quality of products already in circulation, but also when product is entering it into the trading network. The article also discloses the concept of tasting as a method of assessing the quality of the product, and considers the results of carried out of studies on tasting evaluation of red wine, black tea and ground-roasted coffee. Development of experimental-analytical model of tasting process is presented.