Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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A specific conceptual framework has been developed that reflects the functional load of a concepts number, such as edaphic, biocenotic, agrocenotic stability, management of ecological and economic stability of reproductive processes; a cognitive map of environmental and economic stability management, and tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses. The necessity of managing the ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses, the organization of which has a pronounced specificity, is grounded. The parametric model of ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses is developed. A comparable assessment of the actual values of indicators characterized the ecological and economic stability of the agroecosystem elements with the normative values is given. Functional imbalances and imbalances in the organization of grape agrocenoses are revealed, due to both the negative manifestation of a decrease in edaphic, agrocenotic and biocenotic stability, and the negative influence of macroeconomic factors reduced both the economic efficiency of production of industrial products and reproductive opportunities. The criterions for managing the ecological and economic stability of grape agrocenoses are developed: equilibrium, adaptability, stability. A cognitive map of the management of ecological and economic sustainability of grape agrocenoses is proposed, which allows us to determine the functional relationships between the structural components of agrocenoses and to assess the consequences of the influence of various factors (internal and external) the stability and efficiency of reproduction processes in the industrial viticulture. The optimal parameters of edaphic, biocenotic and agrocenotic stability are calculated based on the identified ecological and economic dependencies. The tools for managing the functional stability of grape agrocenoses are considered. Evaluated the effectiveness of the proposed cognitive models of management of ecological and economic stability that will allow you to adjust financial costs within the standard range; to achieve the optimal level of implementation of production potential; to reduce the level of chemical technogenic effect the components of agro-ecosystems; to ensure the necessary quality and food safety of the products obtained; to achieve a high technological and economic outcoming.

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The most important technique of agricultural technology to increase the productivity and quality of grapes is pruning of bushes, the length of which depends on the most productive zone of shoots. To determine the zone of the greatest production of the shoot, the embryonic fruitfulness of the buds is estimated, depending on the biological characteristics of the grape varieties and agroecological factors of the location, both natural (weather and climatic, soil and spatial conditions) and anthropogenic (management system, pruning, fertilizer use, etc.). In 2018, we studied the special aspects of inflorescences formation and differentiation of new table grapes hybrid forms of E.S. Gusev breeding (Volgograd) under the arid and hot conditions of the Volgograd. Territory in this work research results are presented of the embryonic fruitfulness of the new table grapes hybrid forms of Ispolin, Courage, Hamlet, Valencia, Artek, Timothy in the Krasnodar Region. The study of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out in the vineyards growing in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar Region Central Zone, subzone � 4. Selection of the studied shoots and assessment of the embryonic fruitfulness of buds under winter were carried out during the period of deep physiological rest of plants by microscopy (Micromed MS1) in the laboratory of NCFSCHVW. The regularity of different laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences in the studied grapes hybrid forms, as well as differentiated coefficients of fruitfulness and fruiting along the length of shoots are established. The highest rates of fruiting and fruitfulness were in the grape hybrids of Hamlet, Artek and Timothy under the conditions of temperature stress, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in the zone 6-8 wintering buds.

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This article is devoted to the problem that is acute all over the world � the conservation of plant biodiversity. Classical methods no longer cope with this task. The application of achievements of biotechnology, in addition to traditional methods of ex situ and in situ conservation biodiversity, enables the sustainable management of genetic resources. Keeping the plants in a slow-growing collection is a successful and widely used method of plants maintenance in gene banks. Most researchers have noted that the way of plant reaction on techniques and methods of clonal micropropagation depends on a variety, so there are no unique algorithm f or creating a collection. A special approach is needed for every variety or a group of varieties. The paper presents research materials on the development of minutes for creating an in vitro slow growing collection for storing the Fioletovy Ranniy grapevine variety. The studies analyzed the effects of various components of nutrient medium on the rate of growth processes, as well as the place of explant extraction for further cultivation. All experiments were performed in the laboratory of biotechnology of the All-Russian Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko according to the methods generally accepted in biotechnology. As a result of studies, the improvement of the survival rate of meristems, their growth characteristics, and shoot formation was proved due to complex use of apical meristems and preparation of Ribavirin, Melafen, and the antibiotic of Cefotaxime. The growth processes of plants was slowed down when sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol were applied to the nutrient medium. Clarification of the parameters of use of studied preparations allowed to increase in the duration of vine plants� storage up to 10-12 months without replanting, that contributes to the preservation of genetic purity and reduces the cost of future maintaining the collection.

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The paper presents the results of the study of the influence of phylloxer-resistant rootstocks Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5BB and Berlandieri × Riparia Teleki 4B (CO4) on the agrobiological and uvological parameters of clones of the Semillon technical grape variety in the Alushta Valley (Alushta branch of JSC PJSC Massandra). For the research, the following plots were taken: plot No. 92, with an area of 1.12 ha, where the Semillon 173 grape clone bushes grow, grafted on the Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5 BB rootstock (2008 planting year, scheme 3m ×1.0 m) and plot No. 91, with an area of 0.72 ha, where the Semillon 299 clone plants are cultivated, grafted on the Berlandieri × Riparia Teleki 4B (CO4) rootstock � 2008 planting year, scheme 3.0 m × 1.0 m) on both plots the bush management system is a vertical three � wire trellis, forming AZOS-1, the height of the stem is 1.3 m. The study of uvological and agrobiological indicators of Semillon clones on various rootstocks showed that plants in the Semillon 299 variety � double combination (CO4 rootstock) had a high level of fruiting coefficient (0.92), rather large bunches (277.0 g), the average yield from the bush was 3.6 kg/bush, high shoot productivity by the raw mass of the bunch � 254.9 g/shoot, the percentage of pulp and juice yield � 76.91 Tasting evaluation of wine material (7.71 score) allows you to recommend a clone for the production of table wines.

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The aim of the breeding work is to create a new early ripening table grape variety resistant to stress factors of biosphere. The paper presents the results of the study of new populations of hybrid grape varieties of different ripening dates obtained as a result of breeding at the Institute "Magarach". We study the populations (F1) from combinations of crossbreeding, where the mother forms are table varieties: 'Vostorg Krasny', 'Talisman', 'Flamingo', 'Flora'. The main features of maternal forms are early and medium maturity, female type of flower, large, ornate berries and frost resistance. In order to select the elite forms in the populations of seedlings of the same combination of crossbreeding, a number of observations and studies are carried out, to study the different manifestations of various traits of parental forms. The following parameters were studied: bunch and berry size, berry colour and shape, bunch weight, weight of 100 berries, weight of comb, seeds and their quantity in one berry, as well as indicators of potential productivity. In a preliminary study of grape populations obtained from crossbreeding of varieties of different origin, the following results were obtained: the selection form 'Flamingo' was identified as a source of the traits "high bunch weight" and "high berry weight"; the maximum potential productivity has the forms in the population of 'Talisman x Marquise'; a very high variability of the indicator of "100 berry weight" in the population of hybrid forms 'Talisman x Ctoletie' was noted, which indicates the presence of contrasting forms according to this sign and allows us to reliably select the best of them. As a result, the most promising forms and combinations of crosses have been identified, namely 'Flora x Ruby sidles' Magarach �34-11-7-34, Magarach � 34-11-7-52 and in the crossing combination 'Talisman x Ctoletie' Magarach � 31-11-5-47.

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The territory of the Abkhazia Republic is recognized as one of the regions of the cultural vine origin. Here there are many native varieties and wild forms of grapes. The study of the grape gene pool at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to much more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. The purpose of this work is to study the wild-growing vines in Abkhazia. The search for wild forms of grapes was carried out in the Gudautskiy, Gagrskiy and Sukhumskiy districts of the Republic of Abkhazia, in areas remote and fairly isolated from cultivated vineyards. 7 samples were selected for the study. The description of the found vines by morphological characteristics has been carried out. DNA was extracted from the apical parts of vine shoots by the CTAB method. Genotyping was performed using 11 SSR markers: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, UDV737 and GF09-46. The amplified PCR reaction products were assessed by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, with following size determination using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of reference genotypes with known allelic composition. Statistical processing of microsatellite loci polymorphism data was performed using the GenAlEx 6.5 program. Analysis of the DNA profiles obtained in the international database of DNA passports of grape varieties do not show any coincidences. It is revealed that the three analyzed samples collected at one geographical point are identical in terms of DNA profiles and ampelographic description. One of the vines found is probably an interspecific hybrid. Statistical processing of microsatellite locus polymorphism data showed that the observed heterozygosity of the sample studied is slightly lower than the expected heterozygosity: 0.618 and 0.687 respectively.

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Grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae is a small invasive sucking insect that has a significant physical and economic impact the cultivation of grapes. The harmfulness of the root form of phylloxera is different for European and American varieties. It causes much more damage to European varieties. This pathogen was introduced to Europe on American rootstocks, originally imported to the continent as a resistant material for the control of powdery mildew and downy mildew. In France, in 1868, a vermin ravaged the French wine industry, destroying more than 1 million hectares of non-grafted vineyards. The vermin evolved together with the North American varieties Vitis spp. And genetic resistance to this pathogen exists in several species of rapes from this group. Molecular genetic markers bring many new techniques and make a great contribution to the biological sciences, especially agriculture. The marker-assisted selection method is particularly promising for the breeding of perennial crops. Currently, a number of genes responsible for resistance to phylloxera, designated as Rdv1-8, have been identified. Rdv1-3 genes were identified in the V. cinerea, and Rdv6-8 genes is in the M. rotundifolia. The Rdv3 and Rdv4 genes affect resistance to leaf phylloxera. The use of existing ways and the latest advances in molecular and genomic methods could lead to the creation of varieties that are immune to the root form of phylloxera. Grape breeding using complex interspecific crosses make possibility to combine resistance to diseases and vermins, crop quality and resistance to abiotic stresses.

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The results are shown of the study of hybrid forms of technical direction grapes in order to distinguish some of them into the elite. Phenological, agrobiological, uvological and biochemical indexes were studied of these hybrids, the recommendations were given for their use in the wine-making process. It was found that the amount of phenolic substances in the wort from grape hybrid forms significantly exceeds than that in the control variety. The low content of nitrogenous substances in the berry juice of these hybrids was also determined, which indicates a low probability of the so-called "suffocation" of the future wine. The studied technical hybrid forms have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.1-1.4, the fruitfulness coefficient was 1.5-1.6, and the yield per bush was 7.5 kg on average. In the studied technical hybrid forms in 2020, a good growth rate of up to 75 % was observed, they are much superior in the mechanical composition of the bunches of the control variety. This is especially true for the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. The results studied allow to suggest that these elite hybrid forms in the near future can be transferred to the State variety testing. Since the requirements for technical grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines in the manufacture of which they can be used, the breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking carry out long-term work. It is aimed at breeding new high-quality adapted to local climatic conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera.

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The article presents the results of analysis of spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. The work on the complex agro-ecological territorial zoning, including a wide range of orographic, edaphic and climatic indicators, is the basis for terroir viticulture and winemaking. The climatic conditions for growing grapes have a great influence the crop quality, and as a result determine the direction of its use. The SRTM-3 electronic terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term data of meteorological observations at 17 meteorological stations of Crimea and Sevastopol during 1985-2019 were used as study objects. To identify the objective laws of spatial distribution of agro-climatic indices characterizing the grape ripening period, we prepared a network of 15 reference points coinciding with the location of meteorological stations and a long series of observations. To model the spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September, three mathematical models were used, including the authorial one. The data of the WorldClim 2.0 model was adjusted by adding an error correction of 0.67 to the results of calculation, which slightly increased the modeling accuracy. A multivariate model was also compiled, taking into account the geographical latitude of the terrain and the absolute height above sea level. Based on the results obtained, a digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was developed. We mapped out 5 zones according to the mean monthly air temperature in September. Using of these models in GIS makes it possible to computerize the analysis of amenity of a territory for growing grapes.

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The work gives an agrobiological assessment of various methods of growing self-root grape saplings. The influence of growth stimulators the rooting of grape cuttings and, therefore, increasing in the yield of high-quality saplings in the treatment of their basal ends has been studied. The use of growth stimulants during vegetative reproduction of grapes activates regeneration processes in grape cuttings, improves the development of roots and their engraftability in open soil schools. The engraftability of grape cuttings in school primarily depends on activity of the root formation process, since only the roots are able to absorb the water and mineral substances dissolved in it from the soil and direct them to their growth points. Now it has been established that any delay in the formation of roots in grape cuttings planted in schools leads to the rapid consumption of spare nutrients and water contained in the wood tissues, which are used in large quantities for the growth of shoots and leaves. This leads to the rapid drying of tissues and the death of grape cuttings planted in the school. When using shortened grape cuttings for reproduction, it becomes especially important to study techniques and methods that accelerate root formation in the cuttings, since such cuttings, due to the small volume of wood, have a smaller supply of nutrients and water. In this regard, the creation of conditions accelerating the passage of biochemical and physiological processes in the cutting tissues and directly affecting the regeneration processes, which means that their root formation and engraftment in the school is a primary task.

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The article presents the results of assessing the physiological state of new self-rooted hybrid forms of table grape Akello, Artek, Valencia and Courage growing in the Krasnodar Territory in the summer period. The cultivar Livia of Russian selection was selected as a control. Artificial drought was simulated in a laboratory conditionS. After stress effect, the following physiological parameters of grape leaves were analyzed � the degree of damage to cell membranes (based on the content of malondialdehyde, one of the products of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), the relative water content, the quantum yield of the photochemical reaction of photosystem II, the content of chlorophyll a and the ratio of a/b chlorophylls. It was found that the most depressed month for the studied grape plants was July. This is evidenced by the averaged indicators of studied grape plants according to the analyzed parameters � low values of photosynthesis and relative water content in the leaves and increased level of malondialdehyde, which determines the intensity of the development of oxidative processes by the influence of negative factors. The greatest adaptive potential in this month was revealed in the Artek hybrid form, which had high value of photosynthesis and a low level of malondialdehyde content. In August, the hybrid forms of Artek and Courage were characterized by high values of the relative water content in the leaves and low value of malondialdehyde, and besides the level of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum yield) did not change compared to July. The hybrid Valencia form had the highest value of malondialdehyde and the lowest value of relative water content during the summer period, which makes it the least resistant form among the studied. The hybrid form of Artek was identified as the most resistant form to influence of summer stress factors in the territory of Krasnodar region. Further, this form can be recommend for the creation of stable ampelocenoses.

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The various aspects and prospects of development of the design and estimate documentation regulating the main stages of laying and operation of perennial fruit plantations are considered. The relevance of the problem of a systematic approach to the complex of works related to the establishment of new modern and reconstruction of extensive perennial fruit plantations is determined by the legislative framework and the relevant Resolutions of the regional administration, as well as measures aimed at increasing in the production of high-quality fruit and berry products in the Krasnodar Territory. The tendencies of growth by years of the area of fruit plantations, laid by small agricultural enterprises that play an important role in the market economy, and diversified farms (secondary, additional industry), in almost all municipalities of the Krasnodar Territory, including on soils conditionally suitable for gardening, are revealed. In this regard, the responsibility of horticultural enterprises and industry specialists is increasing for the effective use of agricultural land allotted for a monoculture of a garden and the level of profitability of plantations, which is closely related to the design parameters of laid gardens. The tasks of design and estimate activities necessary to optimize the process of developing energy-resource-saving technological solutions have been determined. Constructive measures are proposed that are necessary for further optimization of work related to the development of pre-project documentation: systematization of data characterizing the prospects for the development of the fruit-growing industry depending on the zonal soil and climatic specifics (zonal and microzonal features), creation of an electronic database of horticultural soil resources of the region and their systematization according to agrochemical prpherties and type content and others. The prospects of work of the design and technological, search and design bureau of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW on the basis of systematization of working materials using electronic databases are outlined.

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The paper present the experimental data of field studies in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory to optimize the load of grape bushes with shoots and bunches of the Livya variety on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock on drip irrigation. The scheme of bushes planting is 3.8 × 2 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The average annual air temperature on the zone condition is 12.5-13.0 º�, the sum of active air temperatures is 3900- 4100 º�, the maximum temperature during the plants growing season is plus 40 º�, the minimum temperature in winter drops to minus 30 º�. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-800 mm. Under these agroecological conditions, the grape variety Livya on the Shasla × Berlandieri 41B rootstock showed high responsiveness to optimizing the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. When the bushes are loaded with shoots of 26 pieces / bush and bunches are in the amount of 24 pieces / bush, the average weight of a grape bunch reaches the highest value and is 0.767 kg. The highest yield of 31 t / ha with the highest share of marketable yield of 97 % is formed when the bushes are loaded with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs / bush, respectively. With such regulations for the load of bushes, the average mass of a grape bunch is 15 % less and is 0.669 kg. The optimized regulation of the load of bushes with shoots and bunches in the amount of 26 and 35 pcs. / bush, respectively, can be recommended in the central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for growing high yields and good quality of Livya grapes.

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A differentiated approach to the selection of effective elements of agricultural technology of grape varieties and clones, the selection of bush shape, determination of bush loading and pruning length of fruit vines is a hot topic of research in cultivation of grapes clones of the European origin. The article presents the results of scientific research aimed at the development of new effective elements of technology for cultivation of clones of wine grape varieties in comparison with the traditional cultivation technology of classic varieties based on improving the system of bush training and increasing in the grape yield. In the course of work, the optimal parameters of agricultural practices were determined (type of training, bush shape, length of pruning and bush loading with shoots and crops), providing a more complete realization of the potential of clones and varieties under study. As a result of research conducted, it was found that the following studied clones of varieties �Cabernet-Sauvignon 3-3-4�, �Muscat Belyi Urozhainyi�, �Rkatsiteli 48 Vysokourozhainyi� and �Chardonnay� from Anapa, when using the developed elements of varietal agricultural technology, were characterized by good inflorescence initiation throughout the length of vine, rated as high and very high, while the K1 values exceeded this indicator of the control varieties by 4.3-27.0 %. In terms of cropping capacity, the studied clones of varieties exceed amounts of same indicator of the control example varieties by 32.9-62.5 % and differ in higher values of mass concentration of sugars in a juice of berries. In experimental variants, the largest increase in the profitability of grape production was observed when using the developed elements of varietal agricultural technology, and amounted to an average of 52.6-87.3 %.

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Under the environmental conditions of the Lower Don area of Russia, for grapes of interspecific origin of the Tsvetochny (Severny x a mixture of pollen varieties: Muscat Hungarian, Muscat Bely and Muscat Alexandria) the studies have been carried out on the effect of methods of vine pruning, as well as the application of various quotas of the vine load shoots the productivity and quality of the crop when non covering and hi-stem the culture of the vine. The paper presents data on the results of the transformation of four-year-old shapeless bushes into various ones, new for the conditions of this climatic zone, as well as the methods of management, formation and pruning of grape plants in industrial-type plantations. In the 80-90s of the 20th century, the grape variety of Tsvetochny was distributed in the vineyards of the Don, and the wines and juices from this variety were awarded by high awards at the world competitions. The optimal methods of maintaining for that conditions, formation and pruning of grape bushes, as well as the modes of operation of plantings and processing of the crop were established. Currently, the Tsvetochny grape variety has almost disappeared from the plantations of the Don vineyards. The task to increase the status of the variety in the structure of plantations and clarify some provisions of the agrotechnical order that contribute to stable and economically justified productivity is actual task. In the experimental part of the agrotechnical research on the Tsvetochny grape variety, it was planned to clarify the results of previous years' research and to lay down the experiments on modern methods of maintaining and formation of non covering industrial-type vineyards.

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The work presents the study results of the effect of microbiological fertilizer EcoRic (Bacillus subtilis subsp. Subtilis, strain BR-1256 - 1-10x9CFU / cm3 ) on the wine grape variety of �Bastardo Magarachskiy� in the conditions of the South Coast of Crimea. The objectives of the research included determining the effect of the studied fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of grapes. Crop formation and ripening took place under the hot and dry summer conditions. It was found that double foliar treatment with microbiological EcoRic fertilizer in the application rate of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 l / ha during the period of active growth of shoots (the inflorescence emerge (according to the BBCH-scale53)) and at the beginning of grape flowering (�the inflorescences fully developed, flowers separating"(according to the BBCH-scale57) � "first flower hoods are detached from the receptacle"(according to the BBCHscale 60) had a proper positive effect on increasing in the cropping capacity of grapes per 1 ha: with the rate of application of 2.0 l / ha � by 0.93 t / ha (9.1 %); 3.0 l / ha � by 1.62 t / ha (15.9 %); 4.0 l / ha � by 2.43 t / ha (23.8 %). Double foliar application of the studied fertilizer also contributed to an increase in the average bunch weight by 10.0-24.3 %, an increase in the yield per one record bush by 0.42-1.01 kg (9.1-22.0 %), the leaf surface area of the bush (m2 ) � by 16.3-37.2 %, the average shoot length � by 16.8-22.3 %. The yield collected from variants with foliar application of microbiological EcoRic fertilizer, in terms of quality indicators, was higher than that collected from the control: in that number by mass concentration of sugars in a berry juice � by 10.0-22.3 (4.7-10.5 %) g / dm3.

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This work is aimed at solving the actual problem of increasing in the fruit plants productivity. The research presents the results of studies of top dressing efficiency by �Lignohumate� fertilizer for fruit crops under the conditions of the Crimea Republic, the impact the yield and the quality of the fruit products is assessed. The analysis of the influence of seasonal conditions and the usage of fertilizers the main indicators of the studied fruit crops was done. The experimental research was carried out during 2018-2020 on apple-tree of Spartan variety (JSC Artvin, Bakhchisarai district), on peach-tree of Red Haven and sweet cherry of �igarrean Burlat (Agropolis farm, Kirovsky District). It is established that the use of �Lignohumate� foliar fertilizing increased in average length of annual shoots in the studied crops from 14.7 % (peach) to 16.5 % (apple). Mathematical analysis of the results showed that the share of seasonal influence the annual shoots growth rate varies in the interval 8,7 % (sweet cherry) � 55,0 % (peach), at � < 0,05. Top dressing of plants increased in chlorophyll concentration in apple and peach leaves by 14,0 and 13,2 %, respectively; mass concentration of sugar in apples by 6,1 %, and in peach by 7,5 %; in sweet cherry by 16,1 %; solid substance content in the fruits � by 0,9 % (peach) 1,7 % (apple). Also it is shown that the use of �Lignohumate� top dressing of plants increased in the content of mineral elements in the studied crops, relative to a control group, and the yield on average 16,3-20,6 %.

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The presence of organic acids and cations in the grapes and its processing products affects their taste and nutritional properties. Pools of these substances in the berry skin and seeds of the grape varieties of Gimra Novaya, Kaberne Sovin'on, Muskat Bely, Pervenets Magaracha and in the dry wine materials from the Gimra Novaya, Fioletta and Pervenets Magaracha varieties were studied. To determine the composition and content of organic acids (�-04-47-2007) and cations (M-01-32-2008), a capillary electrophoresis system was used � �Kapel-104T�, LLC NPF �LUMEX�. Tartaric, acetic and malic acids are identified in the elements of the berry structure. Their largest content (0.24 g/dm3 ) is revealed in the Muskat Bely grapes. In each of the wine materials the tartaric, citric, lactic, acetic, malic and succinic acids are found. The most significant amounts, respectively, of malic, succinic and acetic acids � 2.39; 1.72 and 0.85 g/dm3 were determined in the wine material from the Gimra Novaya grape variety, and the lactic acid � 0.27 g/dm3 from the Fioletta variety, wine and citric acids � 6.20 and 0.69 g/dm3 were determined in the wine material from the Gimra Novaya variety and Pervenets Magaracha, in which the total concentration of acids � 10.03 g/dm3 was the highest. In the skin of the berry, seeds and wine materials the cations of ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium are identified. In terms of their total number, the Muscat white variety � 174.07 mg/dm3 and wine material from Gimra Novaya grape � 1933.57 mg/dm3 were the leaders. The terroir of the South of the Daghestan Caspian Sea plain is favorable for the formation of pools of organic acids and cations in the grapes, which contributes to the production of wine materials with high enological potential.

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This article presents the results of studying the physicochemical indicators of the cognac distillates quality with typical organoleptic properties, the composition of volatile components determined by gas chromatography and phenolic, furan compounds (aromatic aldehydes and acids) controlled by the method of highly efficient capillary electrophoresis. The ranges of criterion components and calculated indicators, characterized genuine high-quality cognac distillates, have been clarified. It was noted that in 10 % of aged cognac distillates, the mass concentrations of higher alcohols in terms of isoamyl alcohol and the mass concentrations of medium esters in terms of ethyl acetate exceeded the norms established by the interstate standard of technical conditions were exceeded and have had a maximum value of 800 mg / dm3 bsp. and 350 mg / dm3 bsp. accordingly, also the mass concentration of the total extract in all genuine cognac distillates did not exceed 6.5 g / dm3 . The ranges of calculated parameters for aged cognac distillates were found, such as the ratio of the mass concentrations of isoamyl alcohol / isobutyl alcohol from 2 to 6.5; mass concentration ratio lilac aldehyde / vanillin, not less than 1.5; mass concentration ratio lilac aldehyde / lilac acid, no more than 3.5; the ratio of mass concentrations of vanillin / vanillic acid, no more than 4.5; the ratio of mass concentrations of tannins / total extract, no more than 0.5. The obtained and refined databases of the qualitative and quantitative composition of volatile components and aromatic aldehydes and acids will make it possible to control the quality, confirm the authenticity and identify the signs of cognac distillates falsification, in particular, to establish the substitution of raw materials and the use of grape distillates (alcohols), violation of the distillation regimes and the aging process of cognac distillates in case of contact with oak wood.

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Taking in account the diverse of broccoli chemical composition as a source of essential nutrients, it is important to study the quality indicators of broccoli organs, which allow us to obtain new experimental data and to identify the sources of the most valuable components of biologically active substances. The objects of research were various organs of broccoli cabbage (for example, the Maraton variety): heads, stem, non-woody cuttings, as well as broccoli seedlings grown in Daghestan. It was found that the most valuable organ of broccoli cabbage by chemical composition is the head, which is the main source of natural antioxidants, vitamins C, PP, E, P. It was shown that the axillary heads have the highest content of vitamin C (198.8 mg/100 g), slightly lower than that in the main heads (154.0 mg/100 g). Broccoli heads are a source of minerals. The main heads contain 321.9 mg/100 g of potassium, 43.4 mg/100 g of calcium, 20.3 mg/100 g of magnesium, 54.8 mg/100 g of phosphorus and 0.56 mg/100 g of iron, in the axillary heads the value of these indicators are lower. The sources of valuable nutrients are juicy stems and a non-woody stalk too. The stems of broccoli contain more sugars, fiber, and pectin substances than that in the head, and besides the axillary stems contain more of these nutrients. The edible juicy stalks are also rich in vitamins, the content of which is lower than that in the heads. The main stems are rich in vitamin PP, vitamin E, and contain less vitamin C, in comparison with axillary ones. The content of vitamin P in the stalks of broccoli cabbage is significantly lower than that in the heads. Non-woody broccoli cabbage is characterized by a maximum content of fiber, sugar and pectin substances, the content of vitamin C in ones is lower than that in the heads and stems. Broccoli seedling are a valuable organic product, due to the high level of antioxidants 19.8 mg / kg, the presence of an important biologically active substance indole-3-carbinol in the amount of 7.0 mg/kg. It can be concluded that the heads and stems of broccoli cabbage can be used in food to improve the structure of nutrition, as sources of vitamins C, PP, E and minerals, as well as to obtain natural food for functional purposes. Non-woody broccoli cuttings are recommended as a fiber-fortifying component in the production of functional food products, and the seedlings to produce the biologically active supplements, as sources of indole-3-carbinol.

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With the climate change on the planet towards warming, the fungi of the genus Alternaria Nees became more active. Due to the prevailing climatic conditions, some species of this genus changed their status and acquired signs of facultative parasitism and complete parasitism on a number of cultivated plants, including the apple-tree. In vitro scientific studies are required to effectively control the disease, in the pathogenesis of which a large number of species are involved. At the same time, it is necessary to achieve fast and guaranteed growth of each of the fungus in the experiments. In this regard, the selection for fungi of the genus Alternaria, causative agents of apple fruits core rot, optimal for the cultivation of nutrient mediums is urgent. The studies were carried out by methods of laboratory and comparative analyzes. The growth of two strains of the causative agent of the apple fruit core rot of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. on 12 nutrient mediums. Colony growth rate and morphological and cultural traits were assessed. As a result of research the strains of apple fruit core rot agent, a variation not only in the growth rate of colonies, but also in their cultural characteristics, depending on the compositions nutrient medium. A comparative study of the morphological and cultural characteristics of A. alternata strains FR20IV and FR20VI on various nutrient mediums made it possible to identify three universal mediums most suitable for their cultivation and identification, namely carrot, potato agars and Sabouraud's medium, according to the following criterions: ensuring the maximum degree of sporulation, rapid growth and development of the mycelium of the fungus, as well as easiness of preparation of revealed optimum cultural mediums.

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This review was carried out on the topic of bacterial population of grapevine, with an emphasis on the functional structure of these communities. Bacterial communities in microbiota of grapevine are the most numerous. According to the localization on the plant, the non-pathogenic part of the microflora is divided into endophytic, which occupies the internal spaces of the grapevine, and epiphytic, which occupies the surface. Most bacterial endophytes do not have a noticeable effect on grape, or this effect has not been studied, but it is known that some of bacterial endophytes can have beneficial effects, for example, to stimulate plant growth or prevent harmful effects of phytopathogens. Epiphytic microflora provides the primary immune barrier in the formation of non-specific immunity in plants. Surface bacterial communities of grapes are vary significantly depending on the occupied ecological niches: roots, leaves, bark, flowers, berries, seeds. The article outlines the role of bacterial communities in ontogeny of grapes and opportunities for its practical use to increase in immune resistance of the grapes. In the literature, there are references to at least twelve genera of bacteria isolated from the microbiota of grapes and exhibiting the antagonistic properties to its pathogens. Species of the Bacillus genus are especially actively used in this area. The factors that form the quantitative and qualitative composition of bacterial microbiota were indicated: anthropogenic, naturalgeographical, edaphic, and genotypic (varietal). Anthropogenic factors have the greatest impact. The direct impact the microbiota in this case is expressed in the introduction of agrochemicals and pesticides, and indirectly associated with pruning, grafting, forming bushes, etc. It is known that the nature of the microbial community varies considerably in the vineyards with organic management.

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One of the most important vegetable crops in Russia is cabbage, which includes a number of varieties, including cauliflower. The content of vitamin C, carbohydrates, proteins, acids and minerals in cabbage determines its value as a food product. Currently, one of the areas of research aimed at developing new effective, economical and environmentally friendly echnologies for storing vegetable juicy raw materials is the use of various types of physical treatment, including electromagnetic fields. This article presents the results of studying the influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields the content of water, fiber, soluble carbohydrates (sugars and starch), protein and vitamin C in the cauliflower cultivar of Ardent during storage. The objects of research were treated with an electromagnetic field (25 Hz, 10mT, 30 min) in a laboratory experimental setup and were stored for three weeks at a temperature of 4�1 º� and air relative humidity of 75�3 %. It was found that, in comparison with the control, the ELF EMF treatment of cauliflower leads to a slightly more active loss of water, and is also ccompanied by a decrease in the mass fraction of cellulose by an average of 5.3 % and an increase in the mass fraction of soluble carbohydrates by 18.1 %, protein by 4.6 % and vitamin C by 14.4 % during storage. The study of the regularities of the influence of the treatment of vegetable juicy raw materials with electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequencies on the biochemical composition can make it possible to develop new storage methods.

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This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the temperature conditions influence during storage from +4 to +22 ºC on the commodity quality, organoleptic parameters and losses of fresh tomatoes of the Torbash variety. The assessment of commodity quality and quantitative losses was carried out by the expert method. As a result of the studies, carried out it was found that the best commodity quality of fresh tomatoes was preserved on the 2nd day of storage at temperatures from +4 to + 12 ºC, and on the 10th day of storage at temperatures from +6 to +12 ºC. The influence of storage temperature conditions the quantitative losses was studied: in the temperature conditions +4, +16-+22 ºC, the microbiological losses of tomatoes exceeded the losses ones due to natural loss. The maximum value for microbiological losses was recorded at storage mode of +18 ºC ‒ 9,4 %, the minimum value � at +16 ºC (5,5 %). The greatest number of tomato`s losses from natural loss was observed at +14 ºC, the minimum � at +22 ºC. Quality indicators such as shape, appearance, color, smell, freshness, taste and integrity of fruits were evaluated using a 10-point organoleptic scale. As a result of the studies, it was found that the organoleptic parameters in the temperature range from +4 to +16 ºC the tomatoes remained stable until the 6-8 day of the storage period, at high temperatures (+22, +20 ºC), the greatest change in the fruits organoleptic parameters was observed on the 10th day during storage.

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The article presents the results of studying the quality indicators of wine alcohols, distillates and wine material from various grape raw materials to ground the possibility of developing a technology of high-quality wine spirits, including the processing of fresh grapes for wine materials without sulfitation and the use of enzyme preparations, and clarification of grape must by sedimentation, distillation of wine materials and rectification of the obtained distillates using the modes that allow to obtain wine alcohols with a strength of at least 94 % vol. It was found hat the yield of grape must of table grape varieties is low � 70.8 dal out of 1033 tons of grapes. In an dry wine material from table varieties, the mass concentration of volatile acids exceeded the maximum permissible limit � 1.60 g/dm3 . It is noted that during distillation of wine materials, the strength of distillate obtained is directly proportional to the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol of the original raw material and it was 31.9 % vol. (table grapes) and 39.5 % vol. (Crystal). Analysis of the volatile components of distillates and wine alcohols showed that the mass concentrations of the compounds analyzed in the wine alcohols are directly proportional to their content in the corresponding distillates; there is also a positive trend in reducing undesirable components in the rectificate produced. The selected rectification mode made it possible to reduce the amount of higher alcohols by 1.5 times for the Crystal variety and by 4.7 times for the table varieties. The content of esters in wine alcohols increased in 2-2.5 times mainly due to ethyl acetate, the boiling point of which is close to the boiling point of ethanol. It is shown that to obtain high-quality wine alcohols, it is advisable to use the substandard grapes both table varieties and technical varieties as raw materials.

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Organic acids of grapes play a big role in the wine quality formation. Acid total content is one of the indicators of the grapes suitability for the wine preparation of particular type. The research was conducted on white technical grapes Tsvetochny, Donus, Platovskiy, Stanichny, Crystal, Bianca, Lakhed Mezesh, Aligote, grown in the vineyards Novocherkassk Department of AllRSTIV&W Experienced field. The paper presents data on the composition of organic acids in the studied worts and wines and about their changes in the process of preparation and formation of wine. The results of studies carried out revealed that in the wort of all studied varieties was observed the predominance of tartaric acid above malic acid by several times, with the highest its content in the Lakhed Mezesh and Tsvetochny varieties. The highest concentration of malic acid was observed in the wort from the Bianca grape variety. In the wort from the grape varieties of Donus, Crystal, Bianca, the presence of a small amount of succinic acid was noted. The highest value of the total share of tartaric and malic acids (from all wine acids) was observed in the experimental sample of wine from the Lakhed Mezesh variety, and the lowest one is in the sample from the Stanichny variety. The highest content of succinic acid was observed in the wines from the Crystal and Bianca grape varieties. The highest ratings (8.7 points each) were given to the wines from the Aligote, the Stanichny and the Lakhed Mezesh grape varieties. It is noted that the composition of organic acids in the grapes and the wine largely depends on the varietal characteristics of the grapes as well as the zone of its growing.

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After bottling, during storage, various changes occur in the wine, some of them have lead to the desired evolution of wine, after which it becomes much more complex and harmonious, others changes � to unexpected changes, characterized as premature oxidation of wine (PremOx). The complexity of the PremOx process, which also involves the most volatile aromatics, makes it much more difficult to identify all oxidation products and predict their formation in the wines. Most research in this direction focuses on the effect of the storage time of wine bottled on the change in its color, taste, and oxidation level. However, the identification of color and aroma markers, as well as the development of reliable methods for their detection in the wine, and the correlation between markers and wine bottle closures have not yet been studied. The purpose of this review is to select the technological points that have a significant impact the biotechnological processes that contribute to PremOx during their storage and maturation, as well as to establish the possibility of their control. The lack of knowledge of these aspects today determines the novelty of the research carried out and its relevance in connection with the existing problems in the wine industry in the field of wine storage, taking into account the use of various types of packaging materials, as well as the urgent need to study the impact of oxygen dosing during exposure, which will allow to manage biotechnological processes when maturing wines and predict their quality. The wine packaging products, including closures, may be of interest for a more detailed study of the relationship between their properties and the chemical reactions occurring in the wine. A deep study of the reaction Mechanismst hat occur in wines after they are poured into the package will allow us to clarify the factors that responsible for reducing the storage period of the wine.