Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The necessity of developing a mechanism for managing the sustainability of agroecosystems with the participation of grape agrocenoses is substantiated. Negative manifestations of chemical-technogenic intensification factors leading to bioresource deformation in ampelocenoses (violation of the rationality of nature management and sustainability of agroecosystems) and a decrease in the efficiency of production were revealed: increased resistance of pathogens to the chemical preparations used, which causes an increase in the frequency of treatments, an increase in the costs of purchased plant protection products, a decrease in yield; an increase in the anthropogenic load leads to an increase in the volume of mechanized work, a decrease in soil biogenicity; a decrease in the immune status of plants causes a decrease in the potential productivity of plantings. A mechanism for managing the ecological and economic sustainability of agroecosystems is proposed, which is based on a set of formalized principles and requirements reflecting the specifics of organized reproduction processes, and digital technologies based on long-term empirical databases and modern methods of biologization. The technological and economic efficiency of methods and methods of biologization of production and technological processes in industrial viticulture based on the use of living organisms, their systems, products of their vital activity in solving technological problems is calculated, allowing not only to restore the bioresource potential of agrocenosis achieved by chemical and technogenic methods of intensification, but also to form higher reproductive capabilities of agroecocenosis, having a significant reserve of plasticity potential, providing system-wide stability.

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The experience of using remote sensing data and geoinformation systems (next GIS) in viticulture in other countries has shown that the introduction of digital technologies for collecting, processing and using data on the conditions of soils, plants and the environment at different levels of generalization (bush, row, cell, field, farm) ensures the stability of crop production and the quality of berries for wine production. The management concept of digitalized vineyard is based on the use of analytical tools and specialized databases. The article discusses the possibilities of GIS Policy 5 for vineyards. The introduction of GIS for the digitalization of grape plantations will allow solving many tasks: determining the boundaries of grape plots; creating digital passports (legends) of vineyards based on technological maps linked to an electronic map; obtaining a multi-layered territorial parametric model of the area in which the vineyard grows; to simulate climatic 8-11 summer cycles, the probability of frosts, prolonged spring, droughts, hail and other extreme weather events in a given area and to what extent it can affect vineyards at different stages of vegetation; to model the role of landscape characteristics in the formation of relief, climate, soils, weather (temperature changes, soil freezing); to model the hydrological regime of the territory; to model soil characteristics, for example, the presence of active calcium, the level of basic nutrients after fertilization for 3-5 years; to develop optimal planting schemes depending on landscape, soil and climatic conditions by digital layers. The solution of these and a number of other tasks based on digitalization will ensure the sustainable development of the viticulture industry, stable harvest and the quality of viticulture products in modern conditions.

Annotation

Plum fruits are valued for their high content of nutrients, harmonious taste and processing properties. The purpose of the research is to carry out a comparative assessment of the biochemical composition of domestic plum fruits to identify the assortment with high taste qualities when cultivated in the Voronezh region. Samples for studying the qualitative characteristics of six varieties of domestic plum were obtained in a pomological garden located on the territory of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education �Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter I� in 2018-2020. The Voronezhskaya Kompotnaya and Pamyat Timiryazeva varieties have been identified as varieties with the maximum mass of fruits, pulp and a small stone. The highest sugar content and the optimal sugar-to-acid ratio were noted in the varieties Utro (control), Voronezhskaya kompotnaya, Pamyat Timiryazeva, Universalnaya, Bolkhovchanka. The maximum dry matter content was determined in the Universalnaya and Vengerka Voronezhskaya varieties, in terms of the content of ascorbic acid, the indicators in the Bolkhovchanka (5.8 mg/100g) and Voronezhskaya kompotnaya (3.1 mg/100g) varieties were higher. The highest calcium content was noted in the fruits of the Vengerka Voronezhskaya (0.07 %) and Universalnaya (0.09 %) varieties, and the lowest in the control variety Utro (0.01 %) and Pamyat Timiryazeva (0.02 %), Voronezhskaya kompotnaya (0.03 %) varieties. The potassium content of the studied varieties was in the range of 0.1 ... 0.2 %. The phosphorus content, depending on the variety, varied slightly and ranged from 0.01-0.03 %, nitrogen � from 0.09 % to 0.1 %.

Annotation

The article presents the results of assessing the biological potential of sweet cherry varieties in the garden grafted on seed and clone rootstocks. Biometric records were carried out: indicators of the diameter of the stem, crown and height of trees, fruit ripening dates, their weight and market condition. The biochemical composition of sweet cherry fruits has been studied. The objects of research were sweet cherry varieties of different maturation periods of the Voronezh State Agrarian University and scientific institutions of the Russian Federation breeding; seed and clone rootstocks. For an objective assessment of variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry, studies were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods when working with fruit crops and methodological guidelines for the determination of chemicals for assessing the quality of the yield of vegetable and fruit crops. The purpose of the study was the selection of winter-hardy, high-yielding varieties of sweet cherry grafted on low-growing clonal rootstocks to create small-sized intensive plantings and introduce them into industrial gardening in the Central Chernozem region. From the analysis of the obtained results of the study, the selective features of variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry are noted, manifested in the features of the growth force and fruiting. High-yielding varieties were established, the qualitative indicators of fruits and their biochemical composition were determined, with the allocation of highly fortified varieties for breeding work. Variety-rootstock combinations for planting gardens of intensive type have been identified. The best variety-rootstock combinations of sweet cherry have been propagated and introduced into the industrial gardening of a specialized enterprise ZAO �Ostrogorzhsksadpitomnik� of the Ostrogorzhsky district of the Voronezh region

Annotation

The norm of the reaction of phenotypic signs � the number of bunches, the average mass of the bunch and the yield � of Riesling Rhenish grape variety to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The research was carried out in agroecological conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the second subzone (Ch2) in the Krasnodar region. Soils are ordinary chernozems. The research covers the period from 2014 to 2020. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of the number of bunches was most strongly influenced by the average annual air temperature (r = -0.67) and by the average air temperature for the growing season (r = -0.65), by annual precipitation (r = 0.72) and by total precipitation for the growing season (r = 0.66). The average mass of a grape bunch depended most on the total precipitation during the growing season (r = 0.75). The grape yield correlates with the average annual and minimum air temperature in the medium (r = -0.55) and weak (r = -0.43) degrees. The lower Threshold of the modification variability of the number of grape bunches was equal to 42 pcs./bush, the average mass of the bunch was 78 g., the upper, respectively, was 61 pcs./bush and 131 g., the reaction norm was 19 pcs./bush and 53 g. The wide reaction Norm indicates the predominant influence of the environment compared to the genotype on the variability of phenotypic traits � the number of bunches and the average mass of the bunch. The lower threshold of the modification variability of the grape yield against the background of varying weather conditions was 4.3, the upper � 5.6 kg/bush. The reaction norm is 1.34 kg/bush. The narrow modification variability of the grape yield indicates its dependence on the genotype of the Riesling Rhenish grape variety.

Annotation

With the increase and shift of the physiologically significant air temperature in the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture in the south of Russia in the period from 1975 to 2018, there were significant changes in the phenological cycles of the Occidentalis C. Negr. The duration of the growing season from budbreak to physiological maturity of grapes decreased for Riesling Italian by 18, Sauvignon Blanc by 21, Cabernet Sauvignon by 14 days. For the Riesling Italian variety, the duration of the period from budbreak to flowering decreased by 6 days, from flowering to veraison by 6 days, from veraison to physiological maturity by 5 days, for the Sauvignon Blanc variety, respectively, by 4, 2 and 15 days, for Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5, 1 and 7 days. The beginning of budbreak shifted to a later date � for Riesling Italian for 1 day, Cabernet Sauvignon for 2 days, for Sauvignon Blanc it remained unchanged. The beginning of all other phases of vegetation shifted to earlier dates. The beginning of flowering shifted for Riesling Italian by 3 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 5 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 3 days. The beginning of veraison shifted for Riesling Italian by 7 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 6 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 5 days. The beginning of physiological maturity shifted for Riesling Italian by 12 days, Sauvignon Blanc � by 21 days and Cabernet Sauvignon � by 12 days. The duration of all phases of the growing season has a close positive correlation with the sum of active air temperatures (r = 0.70�0.91). The duration of the period from budbreak to flowering is in a close negative correlation with the average temperature (r = -0.71�-0.80), in a close and average negative � with the minimum temperature (r = -0,88�-0.55). Veraison has a close negative correlation with the average and minimum air temperature (r = -0.74�-0.71).

Annotation

The article presents the results of the study of the embryonic fruitfulness of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties. The work was carried out in the Central agroecological zone of the Krasnodar region in 2020 and 2021. The average air temperature from May to September in 2020 was +22.0 ºC, in 2021 � +21.7 ºC. During the embryonic inflorescence formation, the average temperature in 2020 was +22.1 ºC, in 2021 � +20.2 ºC. The maximum air temperature during this period in 2020 was +35 ºC, in 2021 � +32 ºC. In 2020, 56.9 and 55.1 % of the buds of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties contained embryonic inflorescences, 10.3 % and 14.8 % of the buds had two or more inflorescences, 5.6 % and 2 % were dead, respectively. The coefficient of embryonic fruitfulness k1 in both varieties was the same, 0.63, the coefficient of fruitfulness k2 was 1.15 in the Viktor variety, 1.1 � in the Gurman Kraynova variety. In 2021, with a decrease in the average and maximum air temperature by 1.9 and 3 ºC relative to 2021, the proportion of fruitful buds in the Gurman Kraynova variety decreased to 51.6 %, with two or more inflorescences increased to 24.2 %. In the Viktor variety, the values of both indicators increased to 71.4 % and 33.3 %, respectively. The fruitfulness coefficient k1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety has hardly changed, in the Viktor variety it has grown to 0.95. The fruitfulness coefficients k2 were 1.24 and 1.33, respectively. The Gurman Kraynova variety has the most productive zone on the shoot from 5 to 10 buds, the Viktor variety � from 4 to 8. For the Gurman Kraynova variety, pruning of shoots for 10-11 buds is recommended for the harvest of 2022, for the Viktor variety � for 8-9 buds.

Annotation

The article presents the materials of phenological observations in the period from 2018 to 2021. The objective of the research was to study and identify the features of vegetation of grape interspecific hybrids in the annual cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and practical production. During the research period in 2018-2020, a severe shortage of precipitation and high solar insolation were characteristic, mainly in the second half of the growing season. A characteristic feature of 2021 was a prolonged spring and an abundance of precipitation. Precipitation did not occur uniformly both by year and by month. The obtained average data on the duration of the passage of the main phases of the growing season of introduced varieties and control variety and on the sum of air temperatures above +10 ºC for the vegetational season in 2018-2021 indicate that the duration of the growing season of grapes from budbreak to full physiological maturity of berries is 128 days in the Concord variety with a sum of air temperatures of 2755 ºC, Reliance � 123 days and 2529 ºC, Venus � 129 days and 2760 ºC, in the Brigantina variety � 123 days and 2603 ºC. The feature of the phenology of grape varieties of USA breeding in the conditions of the natural environment of the North-Western zone of the Krasnodar region is that the duration of the vegetation phase from the beginning of veraison to full physiological maturity differs significantly from the other two phases of vegetation: from the beginning of the budbreak to the beginning of flowering and from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of veraison of berries. The variability of phenological cycles over the years is due to unstable weather conditions.

Annotation

The data of agrobiological studies are of significant importance in determining the biological capabilities of the variety. For grapes, one of the main agrobiological indicators are the fruiting coefficient and yield. Research work on the study of agrobiological characteristics of grape varieties of all ripening periods and their yields has been carried out annually for many years by scientists of the Anapa zonal experimental Station. Agrobiological records are carried out in the first half of summer, taking into account: the average number of eyes on the bush, green and fertile shoots, inflorescences, the percentage of budding eyes, yields from the bush and per hectare, and also, the coefficients of fruiting and fruitfulness are calculated. In 2019-2020, many canteens of early breeding varieties of the Anapa zonal experimental station showed good results, especially in terms of yield. Weather conditions favored this. As a result of agrobiological studies and a comparative assessment of the yield of some early table grape varieties of AZOS selection and control varieties, it was found that, despite the dry summer in the studied time periods, AZOS selection varieties have a high yield and slightly exceed the long-known control varieties in this indicator. This is also confirmed by data from previous years. Analysis of berry juice by sugar content shows the superiority of early table varieties Muscat AZOS, Lotus, White early over control long-known varieties such as, Russian early, Madeleine Angevin, Early Magaracha. The data obtained confirm the high biological capabilities of early table grape varieties of the Anapa zonal Experimental Station Selection.

Annotation

The research was carried out in 1991-2021 at the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region). The object of the study was the technical white-berry grapevine variety Grushevsky belyj, bred by ARRIV&W � Branch of the FSBSI FRARC. The variety is a complex interspecific hybrid by origin. The study was carried out using generally accepted in viticulture methods and National Standards. The variety was studied in an uncovered, grafted culture on the Kober 5BB rootstock. Planting scheme was 3.0 x 1.5 m. According to data of observations for 31 years, the variety had 80 % of blossoming buds, 82.5 % of fruiting shoots, the fruitfulness coefficient was 1.3, the average mass of the bunch was 209 g, the estimated yield capacity was 138.5 c/ha. Yield conditions: sugar content of berry juice 19.5 g/100 cm3 with titratable acidity of 10 g/dm3 . The variety endured well the harsh winter of 2005-2006, when the minimum air temperature dropped to minus 28 �C. The variety had 65 % of blossoming buds, 79 % of fruiting shoots, the yield capacity was 49 c/ha. In the laboratory of wine-making technology, dry white table wine was prepared from the variety. At the wine tasting, it received an assessment of 8.4 points (on a 10-point scale, a passing score of 8.2). The wine was clear, light straw color, with a good varietal aroma. The taste was fresh and slightly simple in composition. Long-term study of the variety Grushevsky belyj in the Lower Don region showed that it has high winter hardiness (up to minus 28 ºC), tolerance to powdery mildew, stable yield (even in years with critical winter temperatures), therefore it can be recommended for cultivation in non-covered culture, and for inclusion in breeding programs for complex sustainability.

Annotation

Powdery mildew of grapes or oidium is one of the most common and economically significant diseases of grapes. The causative agent of the disease is biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe necator. Powdery mildew is a global disease that reduces the yield and quality of grapes, while causing significant damage to viticulture around the world. Most cultivated grape varieties are susceptible to this pathogen, therefore, pesticide treatment is used to reduce the incidence of disease. Resistance to powdery mildew is mainly found in the genotypes of North American and Asian grape varieties. The search for donors of resistance to powdery mildew and the subsequent creation of new resistant and high-quality grape varieties is one of the main tasks of grape breeding. Cultivation of resistant varieties will reduce the use of pesticides, which in the future will make it possible to switch to more environmentally safe industrial viticulture. At present, a number of loci of resistance to powdery mildew (more than 10) have been identified, and DNA markers have been constructed that are suitable for identifying the allelic status of these genes. Among the identified loci of resistance to powdery mildew, Ren3 and Ren9 genes have a large contribution. The study involved elite technical forms of grapes of the NCFSCHVW breeding, the genotypes of which could potentially contain loci of resistance to powdery mildew (Tana 19, Tana 72, Tana 73, Tana 74, Tana 82, Tana 92). To identify the genes that cause genetic resistance to powdery mildew, specific codominant SSR markers GF15-42, ScORGF15-02 were used to identify the Ren3 gene, and SSR marker CenGen6 to identify the Ren9 gene. As a positive control, we used the DNA of the cultivar Seyve Villard 12-375, which has resistance alleles. The work was carried out by the PCR method, with the separation of reaction products using the method of capillary electrophoresis on an automatic genetic analyzer Nanofor 05. As a result of DNA marker analysis, it was determined that the genotype Tana 92 contain the Ren9 gene. The Ren3 and Ren9 genes has been identified in grapevine Tana 73 and Tana 74.

Annotation

The results of chemical-technological and sensory studies of the suitability of strawberries for jam are presented. The objects of research were the 5 varieties of strawberries of medium maturity from VNIISPK gene pool: Tsaritsa, Asia, Rubino civ, Marmolada, Frida. The control was the Urozhajnaya CGL variety. The analysis of jam samples for the content of total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid (AC), P-active catechins and anthocyanins was carried out in two repetitions according to current standards. Sensory analysis included visual and taste assessment by the members of the tasting group (n = 15, 3 men, 13 women, aged 27-60 years), selected among the institute�s staff by the level of taste sensitivity. A point organoleptic evaluation was carried out by the tasting commission at a closed tasting on a 5-point scale (5 � excellent quality, 1 � not suitable for use). Statistical processing was carried out by generally accepted methods using standard Microsoft Excel computer programs. Jam of all varieties was characterized by a stable content of TSS (V

Annotation

The analysis of the state of the viticultural and wine-making subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Dagestan in dynamics for 2014-2021 was carried out, the main problematic issues in the development of viticulture and winemaking hindering the development of this industry were specified, and the key directions and prospects for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Dagestan were identified. The problems and strategic directions of creating the most favorable conditions for viticulture and winemaking in the region to lift the economy, increase production and improve the efficiency of management are identified, based on the analysis of the state and development of the subcomplex, contributing to the socio-economic development of the region. Scientifically-based proposals have been put forward to improve the efficiency of viticultural farms in the region by strengthening state regulation, aimed at improving the material and technical base, eliminating the target disparity, job gaining, increasing yields, reducing costs. The produced strategy for the development of viticulture and winemaking i n the Republic of Dagestan for the period up to 2035 provides for the introduction of certain organizational and legal measures, including the implementation of constant monitoring and comprehensive price regulation of the market of grapes and wine products; the establishment of parity economic relations between the subjects of the viticultural and wine marketing vertical system, the improvement of insurance, tax and financial and credit policy in the field of viticultural and wine production. The approaches to the choice of the directions of the strategy for the development of production, marketing and increasing the efficiency of wine-making products of the processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the region are proposed. The necessity of modernization of the branches of viticulture and winemaking in Dagestan from the placement and technology of sustainable cultivation to processing and marketing in relation to modern conditions of the market economy, based on deepening specialization, vertical and horizontal integration, which provides for cooperation of all forms of ownership, ensures maximum added value, effective marketing, is established. It is shown that the strategy provides for amendments to the regulatory and legal acts of the Republic of Dagestan in order to disseminate measures of state support for measures aimed at increasing the volume of sales of grapes in fresh form to the population, providing processing enterprises with conditioned raw materials, creating additional jobs, increasing the average wage of workers in the industry and additional contributions to budgets of all levels.

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The results of studies of biometric indicators and features of the development of the root system of various graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the foothill zone of the Krasnodar region on overwetting floodplain soils are presented. It was revealed that the main parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy loamy soils leading to a decrease in productivity and inhibition of plum plants are the presence of layers with heavy granulometric composition in the soil profile, which are characterized by very low filtration capacity. These conditions contribute to the prolonged stagnation of excess moisture in the root layer of the soil, which leads to a decrease in productivity, inhibition and premature death of plants. Also, the established low level of soil fertility of the experimental site leads to a decrease in the productivity of plum plants. Under these conditions, the inhibition of plum trees manifests itself to varying degrees, depending on the rootstock. Plum plants on the rootstock of PK SK-2 were found to be the most resistant to periodic prolonged overwetting of soil root layer. The greatest increases of the vegetative part were noted on these trees, in leveled areas and a lower percentage of plant death in areas with less satisfactory water-air regime of soils (depressions, swales). The stability of trees on this rootstock is due to the peculiarity of the placement of potentially active roots in the soil. Studies have shown that the plum on the PK SK-2 rootstock has the main part (more than 60 %) of potentially active roots concentrated in a layer of 0-40 cm. On the AP-1 rootstock, potentially active roots are evenly distributed between the soil layers of 0-40 cm and 40-80 cm, and after heavy precipitation, when the soil is saturated with moisture below the level of 40 cm, more than half of the potentially active roots are in unfavorable conditions.

Annotation

The problem of grape�s adaptive stability in unstable climatic conditions in the important region of grape cultivation - the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, is relevant. The purpose of this work is to conduct comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin on the dynamics of the content of starch and water-soluble sugars in the conditions of the autumn-winter period, to identify winterhard varieties according to this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control � Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. Adaptive rearrangements of carbohydrate metabolism arising in response to unstable climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period of 2020-2021 are revealed. It was found that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, the accumulation of starch played an important role in the adaptation processes during overwintering, its content decreased by 10, 38, 9.63 and 8.75 times, respectively. It is shown that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Aligote, water-soluble sugars played an important role in resistance to winter stress conditions, the content of which in the buds increased by 1.2-1.5 times after low-temperature exposure. An important role of the osmoprotector of sucrose in the formation of a protective response in varieties Dostoynyi and Vostorg was revealed, the content of which in the buds and shoots increased by 4.8-6.3 times after the action of low temperatures. According to the results of studies of the content of starch and soluble sugars, it was revealed that Dostoynyi variety has the greatest potential for resistance to winter stresses; Vostorg variety stood out as the most adaptive in terms of the content of water-soluble sugars, including sucrose.

Annotation

The problem of establishing optimal load criteria remains unresolved to date for successful practical application, since all proposed load calculation formulas have a narrow empirical value. Cases of unjustified mechanical copying of individual formations with the norm of load from some viticultural areas to others are not uncommon in practice, which often ends in failure. The applied methods of calculating the optimal load of bushes to a certain extent take into account the varietal characteristics of plantings (although very tentatively) and the strength of the vegetative development of bushes due to the conditions of culture. At the same time, it is impossible to take into account the interaction between the load of the bush and the specific conditions of vineyard vegetation, and, consequently, the possible change in the potential fruitfulness of shoots. Recently, high-yielding varieties of the new generation that are resistant to adverse environmental conditions have become widely used in the vineyards of our country. Varieties with a large percentage of fruiting shoots tend to be overloaded with yield, and therefore it is necessary to limit the growth of bush yield capacity in order to achieve the yield of the required quality. Viticulture specialist recommend doing this mainly by applying a load norm optimized taking into account the varietal specifics, which allows to obtain conditioned yields suitable for their directed use. Successful planning of the bush load with shoots, stimulates the development of a powerful annual growth with which the necessary yield may be achieved and the skeletal part of the bush may be maintained. In any area, the yield of a particular grape variety is successfully grown and ripens on bushes, the load of which provides optimal conditions for growth and photosynthetic activity of the leaf apparatus. Based on all of the above, it should be noted that the surest way to establish the optimal load of grape bushes, taking into account the potential capabilities of the variety in order to obtain stable high yields of the required quality, is experimental.

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The results of studies on the intensity of downy mildew development in the conditions of the vineyards of the Don ampelographic collection in 2019-2021 are presented. The preservation of wintering forms of mildew was facilitated by the weather conditions of the dormant periods i n 2019-2021: the absence of low freezing temperatures and sufficient humidity (61-85 %). The air temperature in the autumn-winter periods during the years of research was significantly higher than the average long-term values (the sum of negative temperatures ranged from 119.4 �� to 274.3 ��). Under such conditions, the oospores of the pathogen, germinating at the beginning of the growing season, produce an inoculum for primary infection of plants. Phytomonitoring of the infestation of various varieties with downy mildew under epiphytotic conditions in 2021 made it possible to identify the most resistant varieties for their further use as donors of downy mildew resistance. During the growing seasons in 2019, 2020, the increased temperature, compared with the average annual values, and low humidity contributed to the depressive development of downy mildew. When the hydrothermal coefficient was from 0 to 0.5, the plants of 70-80 % of varieties had no signs of downy mildew. The intensity of disease development in other varieties did not exceed 2.5 points. In 2021, in all growing months, with the exception of July, there was a shortage of precipitation. Despite this, the increased air humidity in May-July with a hydrothermal coefficient of 0.8-1.2 contributed to the intensive development of downy mildew. As a result, 12 % of the varieties of the Don ampelographic collection showed the highest resistance to downy mildew (up to 2 points): Tavrosi; Pochatochnyy; Ol'khovskiy; Nakutvneuli; Kosorotovskiy; Grdzelmtevana. The intensity of the infestation from 2 to 3.5 points was found in 78 % of the varieties. The least resistance to downy mildew (more than 3.5 points) was manifested in 10 % of varieties: Sypunchernyy; Pukhlyakovskiy chernyy; Megrabuyr; Bessergenevskiy � 1; Belobulanyy.

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When developing new biotechnological solutions for the agro-industrial complex, one of the key problems is the preservation of the viability of microorganisms � producers of biologically active substances. Drying is the main method for stabilizing microorganisms. During the drying process, cells are exposed to damaging stress factors that reduce their viability. Projective environments protect cells from stressors. Microorganisms belonging to unstable species, when dried without the use of protective media, are subject to significant changes, accompanied not only by the loss of viability, but also by the destruction of their cellular structure. In this regard, in the course of the study, the optimal drying mode was selected, which provides for intensive moisture removal at the very beginning of drying and warming up to a temperature not higher than + 32-35 ºC throughout the entire drying time. It should be noted that the entire drying process should take no more than 30 minutes, since when drying microorganisms by the second mode with a drying duration of 37 minutes, the number of dead cells was slightly higher than with drying by the first mode. Also, during the study, a protective environment was selected, consisting of 1 % gelatin, 5 % sodium glutamate and 5 % sucrose, which showed the best results as protection of the cells of the consortium under study from the damaging drying factor and subsequent rehydration. Also, when using this protective environment, the moisture content of the consortium under study was the lowest among the selected drying options.

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Fruits and vegetables are a source of an indispensable complex of biologically active substances necessary to maintain human health. According to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the volume of fruit harvests for the period 2014-2019 increased by more than 10%. The seasonality of fruit and berry production is determined by the storage technology of the harvested products with the expectation of its use for a long time, which is possible in the conditions of the system of preserving the quality of raw materials both fresh and processed. It is noted that losses during storage of fresh fruit and berry products (depending on the type) can be more than 30%. A valuable alternative to polyethylene packaging is the development of films from biodegradable polymers and high-molecular compounds that are suitable for human consumption. Formed directly on the surface of fresh and processed fruits, protective biodegradable coatings often more reliably prevent oxidative and microbial spoilage due to the absence of an air layer. Bio-films are the only type of biodegradable polymer packaging that does not need individual collection and special disposal conditions. The main film-forming components for obtaining edible packages are: natural polysaccharides, substances of protein, lipid nature and their combinations. The main methods of applying film-forming components: dipping, spraying, watering and applying with a brush. It is most cost-effective for agricultural production to use the spray method, due to the economical consumption of coating and reduced labor costs. Edible polymer films prevent moisture loss, control the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and give resistance to quality changes in general. In addition, attractive to the consumer edible films makes the additional presence in their composition of healthy substances, such as vitamins, minerals, bioflavonoids, all kinds of extracts, etc.

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The winemaking process produces a large number of by-products (grape pomace), which contain a large number of biologically active substances. In order to preserve these substances and to slow down microbial putrefaction, grape pomace is stored dry or frozen. On this basis, the aim of the work was to study the effect of grape pomace storage methods on the polyphenol and vitamin C content. The objects of the study were grape pomace of red varieties of Cabernet and Kazachka grapes grown in the conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone. All the pomace samples were obtained after pressing, a part of which was dried at an optimum temperature of 45 ºC to preserve the structure of the grape pomace for 6 hours, and a part was frozen at minus 15 ºC, based on an analysis of the scientific literature. Analysis of the research data obtained showed that the drying and freezing processes had different effects on the change of polyphenolic substances and vitamin C contained in the pomace. The total content of polyphenols increases both during drying (10.6 % for Cabernet and 2.5 % for Kazacka) and freezing (27.7% for Cabernet and 12.7% for Kazacka). Vitamin C content decreases (dried: 26.6% for Cabernet, 37.9 % for Kazacka, frozen: 21.9 % for Cabernet, 36.6 % for Kazacka), being destroyed by temperature. Thus, freezing of grape extracts is a preferable storage method, since preservation of polyphenolic substances can increase their potential use.

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Apples are the most common raw materials with the largest planting areas. Apple fruits are consumed both fresh and processed. The most popular among the population, according to statistics, are apple juices and their blends. The application of biotechnology for the intensification of technological processes in the food industry is the use of a complex of enzyme preparations in the technological process that contribute to the destruction of plant biopolymers, including polysaccharides, which account for a significant amount of dry matter. The best results in the yield of apple juice are achieved in the production of fruit juices: using pectinase, cellulase, amylase, hemicellulase and proteinase. In the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries, the technological parameters of processing apple raw materials using biotechnological processes � enzyme hydrolysis with preparations: Trinolin 4000, Trinolin DF, Fructocyme P6-L, Laphase have been optimized. Enzyme preparations were introduced in equal doses. All treatments were carried out under optimal conditions for the action of enzymes, recommended by the manufacturer �Eurotrade�. The effect of preporations on the yield of apple juice was evaluated. For laboratory experiments, the most common varieties of apples in the Kuban were selected to obtain juice: Golden Delicious and Kubanskoye bagryanoye. The effectiveness of the enzyme preparations: Fructocyme P6-L, Trinolin DF, Trinolin 4000 and Laphase was estimated by the juice yield. The control was the juice obtained under the same conditions, but without the introduction of an enzyme preparation. Technological parameters of processing of apple raw materials have been optimized: Trinolin DF, Trinolin 4000 in a concentration of 0.02 %, Laphase � in a concentration of 0.02-0.03 %, Fructocyme P6-L � in a concentration of 0.03 %. The fermentation time of all the studied EP is two hours at a temperature of 45 ºC for both apple samples (Kubanskoye bagryanoye and Golden Delicious varieties), the proposed apple pulp processing mode is recommended to be used to intensify the juice separation process, since the duration of the juice production process is reduced, its yield increases and the quality of the finished product improves.

Annotation

The activity of oxidative enzymes � peroxidase and orthodiphenol oxidase in fresh grape must has been studied. Grapes grown in the Temryuk and Anapa districts of the Krasnodar region were used. Grapes are intended for the production of brandy wine materials. The must was fermented with spontaneous microflora, the resulting brandy wine material was subjected to fractional distillation to obtain brandy distillate. It was revealed that the activity of oxidative enzymes varies depending on the grape variety and the place of its growth. There is a difference in the activity of orthodiphenol oxidase and peroxidase depending on the grape variety: in classical varieties it is less in comparison with hybrid ones. The greatest value of the activity of redox enzymes was found in the grape must of the Levokumskiy variety, regardless of its place of growth. The treatment of the must with bentonite led to a more significant decrease in the activity of oxidative enzymes in comparison with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and clarification of the must in the cold. The most effective processing method was the joint technological treatment of grape must with bentonite and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The processing of the must Before its fermentation helps to reduce the activity of oxidative enzymes and to obtain brandy distillates with a harmonious combination of aroma-forming components. In brandy distillates produced from processed grape must, the concentration of acetaldehyde, acetoin, furfural, methanol, a number of higher alcohols decreases, i.e. those components that reduce the quality and safety of brandy distillates. Brandy distillates produced from processed grape must had a higher organoleptic rating.

Annotation

The purpose of the work is to establish the influence of grape top dressings and biofertilizers on the composition of volatile components of cognac wine materials and distillates. The object of research was the Aligote grape variety, in the cultivation of which biofertilizer and top dressing with Gumel Lux, Fylloton and Agrumax preparations were used. The grapes were processed using the technology of white dry wines, after which they were distilled to obtain cognac distillates. Quality control of cognac distillates was carried out according to GOST methods and using gas chromatography. It was found that the use of top dressing, especially Fylloton, led to an increase in the concentration of higher alcohols. A similar effect, but to a lesser extent, was exerted by the introduction of biofertilizer obtained on the basis of grape pomace. In all experimental variants, an increase in acetaldehyde concentration was observed compared to the control, especially in samples produced from grapes in the cultivation of which Fylloton and biofertilizer were used. In a wide range, the concentration of ethyl acetate varied � from 278 mg/dm3 in the control to 352 mg/dm3 when using Fylloton. The concentration of ethyl acetal varied from 17.0 (Agrumax) to 36.4 mg/dm3 in the control, i.e. the use of all studied top dressings led to a decrease in the amount of ethyl acetal. The concentration of higher alcohols increased significantly in all experimental variants, especially when using Fylloton. The variation in acetic acid concentrations ranged from 221 (control) to 277 (Fylloton) mg/dm3 . All samples of cognac distillates in terms of organoleptic indicators met the requirements of regulatory documentation and were characterized by a mild taste with tones of fresh grapes in the aroma.

Annotation

Flour confectionery products have always been popular with the population, and biscuits are one of the highly valued products of the industry. At the same time, the technology of biscuits is not easy to implement, and the popularity of products of this type requires the manufacturer to increase both quantitative and qualitative indicators of manufactured products with the minimum possible increase in the cost of finished products. The purpose of the proposed development is to increase the efficiency of the main production, with an increase in the quality and safety of manufactured products. We simultaneously solved two main tasks � the disposal of waste products, which inevitably arise during the development of any food product, as well as the search for an inexpensive and fast way to increase the microbiological purity of products, which will increase their safety for the consumer, prolong the shelf life while reducing the number of irretrievable losses. The biscuit is a product that is quite demanding for careful and strict compliance with the parameters of technology at each individual stage of production. At the same time, the ability to keep products fresh for a long time, even in the form packed in a polymer film, can be provided mainly through the use of preservatives. The problem associated with the microbiological contamination of the air of industrial premises and the surface of equipment, as well as the main raw materials, is the most acute production problem associated with the technology of biscuits, since this product in all respects manifests itself as an favorable environment for the development of molds and bacteria that cause spoilage of finished products in a short time. In this regard, we have developed and proposed a technology for the rational disposal of industrial waste, substandard and expired products. The target product of this method is ethyl alcohol from food raw materials, which is used as the main antiseptic agent of the production carried out. The basic technological scheme of the method of disposal of biscuit production waste with the production of food alcohol is recommended to the production and its use as a means of reducing the microbiological hazards of the main production is recommended.

Annotation

A comparative analysis of wine and grape distillates and wine and grape alcohols obtained by rectification from bulk wine and yeast sediments from Kristall grape variety was carried out. The process of distillation of bulk wine and yeast sediments was conducted in two stages. The process of primary distillation with the production of crude alcohol was carried out in a distiller, and secondary distillation with the production of alcohols � in a small rectification unit with electric heating. Obtaining crude alcohol from yeast sediments was conducted using a steam generator as a source of live steam. It was found that during the distillation (primary distillation) of bulk wine and yeast sediments into crude alcohol, the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol in the raw alcohol depended on the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol in the initial distilled raw material. In distillates and grape alcohols from yeast sediments, the content of esters is significantly higher than in wine distillate and alcohol. Wine alcohol contains fewer volatile components compared to grape alcohol from yeast sediments. Rectification made it possible to significantly reduce the concentration of unwanted volatile components (fusel alcohols � isobutanol, isopentanol, and others). It was found that the content of esters and higher alcohols during distillation varies depending on the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol in the distillate. At a lower volume fraction of ethyl alcohol of wine or grape alcohol (less than 95% vol.), the content of undesirable higher alcohols in the rectified alcohol increases. A 2-fold increase in the content of methanol in the distillate and alcohol from yeast sediments was revealed, which requires additional research to optimize the technology for obtaining safe grape alcohol from yeast sediments.