Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Yakuba Yuriy
Articles in journal: (total 30)
Possibilities and new methodical decisions of determination of the analysis of total phosphorus and nitrogen in the plant raw material by means of capillary electrophoresis and atomic emission are considered. The existing methodical approaches to the preparation of plant samples to analysis are discussed
The maintenance of colloid substances, pepetide, polysugar, fibers and other characteristic substances of biological objects usually complicates the analytical definition micro- and macroelements, phosphorus, nitrogen. It is established that there are obvious problems during of curse of long preparation of biological tests for the analysis at the expense of summation of errors at a stage of samples preparation. The operating methods for samples preparation of biological raw materials for analytical research are discussed. The new methodical decisions for preparation of plant samples for determination of alkaline kations, earth alkaline metals and some heavy metals are offered. The possibilities and the conditions of application of various modes of microwave processing for extraction of mobile and general forms of kations and anions are considered. The various conditions of carrying out of oxidizing preparation of staples of vegetative raw materials for the subsequent definition of the general phosphorus and nitrogen are approved. The ways of biological samples preparation for definition of volatile components by a method of a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are shown. The optimal conditions for samples preparation for definition of components with high temperatures of boiling are revealed. The main attention is paid to increase of accuracy and objectivity of measurements at the expense of improvement of methods of preparation of sample of a biological origin and observance of conditions of ecological safety at carrying out of analytical works.
The method of diagnostics of the cations maintenance in the tissues and bodies of fruit crops with use of system of a capillary electrophoresis is described in the article. The stated sequence of analysis stages leans methodically on known physiological and agrichemical methods of an express assessment of functional plants condition. The modes of samples preparation and the analysis of extracts are based on original techniques of an electrophoresis method of research of vegetative plants bodies. Optimum terms of samples selection and carrying out of analysis are indicated. The terms of samples selection are dated for vegetation phases. The method allows to estimate the level of activity of exchange processes of an apple-tree with fertilizers use. The results of diagnose of ensuring of weak growing fructifying apple-tree by mobile forms of the basic mineral elements, including application of the organic and mineral non-chlorine fertilizers of the prolonged action are given at the field stationary experiments. It is established that with application of the organic and mineral feeding the maintenance of mobile forms of potassium is on 2,3-22,5% higher, than on control (without fertilizers). The increase of maintenance of calcium mineral forms on 48,2% at application of fertilizers is noted in June, during period of summer recession of activity of apple-trees growth processes. The feeding by organic and mineral fertilizers promoted the increase in the maintenance of mobile forms of magnesium from 5,7 to 22,5% in the apple-tree leaves on various phases of plants development.
The increase of anthropogenic load on the farmland soil is connected with process of production intensification. There is a need for accumulation and systematization of soil and agric-chemical indicators of lands under a garden monoculture. We researched the contents of macro- and microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of a gray forest-steppe soil of a foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in the fruit garden. Research are carried out by means of standard techniques and State standard specifications. The maintenance of mobile forms of microelements is defined in an extract of acetate-ammonium buffer, the definitions were carried out using the nuclear and emission spectrophotometer Optima 2100 DV. It is established that for the concrete water and thermal mode of the region, in the borders of a garden of landing 2012, the content of organic substance, exchanging cations and the indicators of soil solution acidity is typical for this subtype of chernozems. It is defined that the content and distribution of mobile forms of basic mineral elements in the garden soil are characterized by low supply of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and average potassium ensuring, thus the maintenance of elements considerably decreases down a soil profile. The analysis of experimental data shows that the spreading of mobile forms of manganese and zinc in the garden borders considerably varies, the average indexes of content of copper mobile forms have the close values. The considerable distinctions within one horizon on different elements of a garden relief are revealed. Essential distinctions are shown in the content of water-soluble borum within the analyzed soil horizons, at close average values of the layers contents. Distribution of the mobile iron forms in the studied soil profile increases with depth, but there is a considerable variation of quantitative indicator's values within the soil horizons.
Stress action of winter period towards heat loving fruit cultures is considered. The known technical methods of frost protection of fruit crops and grapes are discussed and original decisions of that problem are offered.