Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Yakuba Yuriy
Articles in journal: (total 30)
As a result of many years study of grape technical hybrid forms the several hybrids were selected in elite. On the basis of phenological observations and agrobiological, morphological and chemical analyses, , it is concluded that these forms are recommended for the preparation of in dry and dessert wine. It was found that the content of phenolic substances in the berries is much higher in the studied elite hybrid forms than that in the control varieties. There is the lowest content of nitrogenous substances, which indicates a low probability of the so-called strangulation of future wines in these forms. The studied elite wine hybrids have high productivity indicators: the fruiting coefficient was 1.0-1.2, the fertility coefficient 1.3-1.4, the yield per bush 6.0 kg. The elite hybrid forms studied in 2019 had good aging growth rates (of up to 69 %). They are much superior t o the mechanical composition of the bunches of control varieties: of the ratio of ridges and berries, juice and pulp with skin with seeds. This suggests that these elite hybrid forms can be the title of varieties, that is, they can be submitted to the State variety testing. The breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of viticulture and winemaking are doing a lot of work aimed at breeding new high-quality and productive technical varieties adapted to local conditions, with high productivity and quality, tolerant to phylloxera, noted that the requirements for wine grape varieties are based on the characteristics of the types and brands of wines for which they can be used.
The ability of certain species of plants to take from the soil and to accumulate the microelements, especially of ions of heavy metals, in the various parts has the great importance for cleaning of the land plots polluted by heavy metals, as result of active use of pesticides and agrichemicals. The Paulowniya tomentosa can have value for these purposes. The purpose of research is to estimate the economic and biological potential of Pavlovniya as the bioindicator of degree of soils contamination in the areas of its growing. The analysis of microelements content in the different parts of aulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Stend.) are conducted for assssment of its economic and biological potential. It is established that Paulownia assists to concentrate in the wood the significant quantities of ions of heavy and rareearth metals Sr, Mn, Ba, Cs etc. The Paulownia in the different periods of vegetation accumulates the different number of microelements. Fresh juicy shoots, leaves and flowers of plant contain the high quantity of iron, especially in the first half of plant's vegetation. The content of zinc is also high in the summer, but in the end of vegetation its quantity falls sharply. The accumulation of these elements in the plant depends from their soil content and biological access. The results of the conducted research testify that the Paulowniya tomentosa can be used as the biological indicator of degree of soil contamination in the places of its growing. Search of the plants capable to participate in a fitoremediation of lands is the one of the perspective directions of modern research in ecology. These research have the search character and testify about need of more detailed studying of potential opportunities of a pavlovniya tomentosa, first of all from the economic point of view.
Accumulation of chemicals substances in the ecosystem of grapes plantings is defined by the technological and agric methods applied in the process of cultivation of this culture. Study of influence of new biological and agric methods of soil keeping of vineyards on quality of vine and wine-making products was the purpose of these research. The research were conducted in the witiculture's areas of the South of Kuban (Taman area) in the industrial plantings of specialized farms. Object of research is ecosystem of industrial grapes plantings. The soil samples and samples of the ripened grapes were selected during spring and autumn period on the vineyards treated by pesticides. Definition of toxic remains in the production was carried out by the standard techniques with use of gas chromatograph "Colour 500M", liquid ones "KNAUER" and the nuclear and absorbing spectrophotometer Guantum-AFA. The methods of a capillary electrophoresis "Capel-103" and "Capel-105" are used for biochemical analysis. The results of ecological and toxicological research confirmed the ability to bioaccumulation of soil toxic compounds as well as an increase of toxic compounds concentration in the food (trophic) chains. The soil replenishment by organic material in the form of biofertilizers revitalizes the soil and cleans it from xenobiotics and allows to receive the grapes without toxic inclusions and to improve considerably its quality by biochemical indicators. It is established that at 3-years application of presented biotechnology of grapes plantings keeping the degree of migration of dangerous chemicals from the soil into grapes berries decreases by 60-90%; the toxic remains in the berries don't exceed the established norms; biochemical indicators in some positions are improved in 2-4 times in comparison with control option. As a result of our research the biological and agritechnical methods are scientifically founded. These methods ensure the food safety and high quality of viticultures productions in accordance with biochemical and sanitary and hygienic indicators.
The possibilities and new methodic decisions of determination of general nitrogen in the plant material by means of capillary electrophoresis and classic chemical analysis are considered. The operating systematic approaches providing control samples preparing are discussed.
The experimental data of analysis of the content of free amino acids in the leaves of fructifying apple-tree with application of foliar fertilizing are received by method of capillary electrophoresis. The interrelation of the contents of some amino acids with the mineral composition of leaves is revealed, that suggests the possibility of diagnosing the effectiveness of foliar fertilising. Identified interrelations also can be used as additional diagnostic criterion for estimation of a physiological condition of fruit plants