Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The fundamental basis for the solving of theoretical and applied problems of breeding is the culture gene pool. Native, age-old varieties of various regions of grapes cultivation, as well as wild forms, is the most valuable part of a world gene pool of culture. Local native varieties represent a great interest for solving of applied problems of breeding and fundamental questions. Just in genotypes of autochthonic varieties of grapes the complexes of traits providing adaptability of plants to specific agriclimatic conditions of cultivation can be revealed. The purpose of this work is studying of genotypes of the South Russian native grapes varieties on the basis of the analysis of polymorphism of microsatellite loci. Researches on genotyping of autochthonic grapes varieties of the South of Russia are begun. DNA profiles of 12 native varieties on microsatellite loci of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are received. It is established that each grapes variety has the own unique DNA profile. The varieties with rare alleles are determined by the studied loci in the research group of grapes varieties

Annotation

Grapes are a valuable cultural plant for human. It is used fresh, as a raw material for the juice, wine and canning industries, and for the various types of dried products. Of the total number of grapes produced in the world, 80-90 % is used for processing into wines, juices and other products, up to 10 % of the grapes are consumed fresh and 5-6 % goes to drying. Industrial management of high-quality grape plantations and nurseries is impossible without the use of scientific knowledge that allows you to identify the most productive grape varieties for specific agro-climatic zones, determine the purity of plants and the diagnose the phytopathogens in the planting material and existing plantations. One of the most effective methods for solving problems of nursery management is molecular genetic, which are widely used for DNA certification, determining the origin of grapes and for identifying pathogens in the planting material. DNA profiling allows us to screen out mutant forms at an early stage or select them for further research. Diagnostics of pathogens in the uterine plantations and planting material includes the identification of pathogenic organisms and early detection of asymptomatic diseases (viruses, phytoplasmic infections, tracheomycosis, bacterial cancer). Methods of control of planting material, which are widely used in nursery management, include the enzyme immunoanalisis, placement the indicator plants into the uterine plantations, PCR method and �deep sequencing�. The use of these methods in the nursery allows to correctly identify the varietal identity of the material on the early stages, to identify the presence of pathogens harmful, and make timely set of protective measures that later will ensure the effective development and high quality of the uterine plants.

Annotation

DNA-markers are an important tool for identifying grape varieties, making it possible to assume the origin of the variety, and to confirm or deny the information about the parent forms of a particular genotype. SSR markers of VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 are the main minimum set in the work on genotyping the grape varieties. Using this set of SSR markers, we were genotyping the grape varieties of Antaris, Litdar, Mitsar, Dmitriy of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding. As a control to clarify the size of identified alleles, we used the DNA of reference varieties of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. DNA samples were isolated from young shoots. DNA profiling was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with analysis of the reaction`s products by capillary electrophoresis. Based on the obtained genotyping data, the following DNA passports of varieties were formed: Antaris VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27193 195 VVMD5230 242 VrZAG62188 200 VrZAG79251 261; Litdar VVS2133 135 VVMD7249 249 VVMD27180 195 VVMD5236 240 VrZAG62186 204 VrZAG79247 255; Mitsar VVS2139 143 VVMD7239 249 VVMD27182 190 VVMD5238 242 VrZAG62194 202 VrZAG79247 259; Dmitriy VVS2133 145 VVMD7239 251 VVMD27190 190 VVMD5234 234 VrZAG62194 194 VrZAG79243 261. To clarify the origin of the studied varieties, we compared the data obtained and the DNA profiles of the corresponding parent forms. The information about the origin of the varieties Antaris (Saperavi x Tsimlyanskiy chornyi), Litdar (Hindogny x Muscat Hamburg), Mitsar (Sereksiya x Cabernet Sauvignon), Dmitriy (Varusset x Granatovyi) is fully consistent with the data obtained by analyzing the DNA profiles of the genotypes of these varieties and their parent forms. Generated DNA passports can be used to identify the plants of these varieties and to check the planting material for purity, as well as for copyright protection.

Annotation

This article is devoted to a problem of a bacterial cancer, actual for viticulture, and in particular � in the Krasnodar Region. A bacterial cancer is the one of the most harmful chronic diseases of grapevine. Characteristic feature of defeat of grapes plant by bacterial cancer is system type of infection, the all organs of the infected plant remain sore during all life. Therefore the vegetative reproduction of sick bushes leads to the producing of sick landing material, promoting the further spreading of a disease. The bacterial cancer is wide spread in all zones of grapes cultivation, its high harmfulness is noted in our country and abroad. Despite the application of various struggle measures, including phytosanitary, the annual progression of a disease in the viticulture's regions is noted. In the presented review we discussed the questions of systematic of the causative agent of this disease � a bacterium of Agrobacterium, the tupe of infection of grapes plants and the latent period in the development of deseasse. The subject of studying of genetic inheritance by grapes varieties of stability and a susceptibility to this disease is lifted. It is offered to pay attention to integrated scientifically based approach to a problem of a bacterial cancer on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. It is necessary to develop such research, as identification of types and strains of Agrobacterium on vineyards, determination of degree of their pathogenicity. The complex studying of suseptibility of grapes varieties for the purpose of identification of steady genotypes is recommended. Particularly noted that it is necessary lo make the monitoring of the causative agent of a bacterial cancer in the landing grapes material, nursery plantings and in the soil of vineyards, including the use of molecular and genetic methods of research.

Annotation

The article summarizes the current data as regards the actual problem - molecular-genetic control of ethylene biosynthesis in apple, directly affects the fruit quality and storability. Solution of this problem is not possible without an exact understanding of the ethylene synthesis mechanisms, reception and transmission of ethylene signal, biochemical pathways controlling the level of ethylene synthesis. Searching for actual and complex information complicated by the large number of foreign articles, considering only partial steps, regulating the level of ethylene biosynthesis. It is clear that the multiple genes has contribution to such traits, as fruit structure and storability, so the aim of this work was generalization of currently available information on ethylene biosynthesis and control. The article reviews the ethylene reception inhibitors (1 - M�P and AVG), the ethylene biosynthesis pathways are considered (system 1 and 2) and the key enzymes in the ethylene biosynthesis (ACC synthase and ACS oxidase), and genes encoding these enzymes - Md-ACS1, Md-ACS2, Md-ACS3, Md-ACS5A and MdACS5B - for ACC-synthase and Md-ACO1, Md-ACO2, Md-ACO3 and Md-ACO4 - for ACC-oxidase. Ethylene signal cascading the transmission mechanisms, which include the receptors of ETR, ERS, RAN, CTR, EIN, EIN, EILs and ERF, and their molecular genetic control are reviewed. In addition, the article provides the information about genes of fruit structure, unrelated with ethylene - Md-Cel1, Md-PG1, Md-PG2 and Md-Exp7. The problems of QTL mapping, controlling fruit quality, namely related to ethylene biosynthesis are presented.