Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Promising grape varieties used for processing in the conditions of the Lower Don were studied, and agrobiological and economic and technical assessment was given. The following issues were studied in the work: winter bud�s injuries, the degree of resistance of grape varieties to vine diseases, indicators of fruitfulness of shoots, the strength of growth, the degree of ripening of shoots, and the quality of the crop. The study of promising grape varieties for the Rostov region, used for processing, is an important area of research, since the berries of these grape varieties have high technological qualities and are a valuable raw material for winemaking. In this regard, for the highly efficient use of the genetic properties of grape varieties, the fullest involvement in the production process of the resource, edaphoclimatic potential of cultivation areas, ensuring stable fruiting, high yield and quality of grapes for fresh consumption and industrial processing, it is important to make the right selection and optimize the placement of the variety for the Rostov region. The natural edaphoclimatic potential of the Rostov region allows growing grapes in a fairly wide range of both traditional and new grape varieties with high quality indicators. The biological features of cultivated grape varieties have a great influence on the main processes of life of grape plants. At the same time, their influence is manifested in a change in the activity of physiological processes and largely depends on both the natural and climatic conditions of the area of their cultivation, as well as on the used agricultural practices. In this regard, conducting research aimed at agrobiological assessment of grape varieties is an important area of research, since the successful solution of these issues will increase the efficiency of the industry.

Annotation

The work gives an agrobiological assessment of various methods of growing self-root grape saplings. The influence of growth stimulators the rooting of grape cuttings and, therefore, increasing in the yield of high-quality saplings in the treatment of their basal ends has been studied. The use of growth stimulants during vegetative reproduction of grapes activates regeneration processes in grape cuttings, improves the development of roots and their engraftability in open soil schools. The engraftability of grape cuttings in school primarily depends on activity of the root formation process, since only the roots are able to absorb the water and mineral substances dissolved in it from the soil and direct them to their growth points. Now it has been established that any delay in the formation of roots in grape cuttings planted in schools leads to the rapid consumption of spare nutrients and water contained in the wood tissues, which are used in large quantities for the growth of shoots and leaves. This leads to the rapid drying of tissues and the death of grape cuttings planted in the school. When using shortened grape cuttings for reproduction, it becomes especially important to study techniques and methods that accelerate root formation in the cuttings, since such cuttings, due to the small volume of wood, have a smaller supply of nutrients and water. In this regard, the creation of conditions accelerating the passage of biochemical and physiological processes in the cutting tissues and directly affecting the regeneration processes, which means that their root formation and engraftment in the school is a primary task.

Annotation

It was established by the results of a comparative studying of different vine forms that the sizes of perennial sleeves affect on the formation of the plant vascular systems and productivity

Annotation

A rational feeding area for grape bushes in intensive type plantings has been established. Due to the need to increase the volume of grape production, there was a need to improve the techniques and methods of cultivation of this valuable crop. Since the feeding area of grape bushes has a great influence on the growth, development and productivity of grape plants, we conducted research to determine the optimal planting density for the technical grape variety Tsvetochny. The conducted research has established that the feeding area of grape bushes has a certain influence on the main processes of the vital activity of the grape plant and the complex of economic and biological indicators. Grapes are the main raw material for the wine industry. About 85 % of the world's grape production is used to produce wines of various types. By its chemical composition and physico-mechanical properties, grapes belong to the most valuable types of vegetable raw materials. It is easily amenable to technical processing and provides products with high nutritional, taste and dietary qualities. The phytometric characteristics of the crown of grape bushes, the efficiency of the use of the land area and the trellis plane by the phytomass of plants depending on the feeding area of grape bushes and the influence of the feeding area of bushes on the growth and ripening of shoots are determined. The indicators of fruitfulness at different bush feeding areas and the influence of bush feeding area on the size and quality of the yield were studied. The solution of this issue will increase the efficiency of cultivation of this variety in the conditions of the Lower Don.

Annotation

The problem of establishing optimal load criteria remains unresolved to date for successful practical application, since all proposed load calculation formulas have a narrow empirical value. Cases of unjustified mechanical copying of individual formations with the norm of load from some viticultural areas to others are not uncommon in practice, which often ends in failure. The applied methods of calculating the optimal load of bushes to a certain extent take into account the varietal characteristics of plantings (although very tentatively) and the strength of the vegetative development of bushes due to the conditions of culture. At the same time, it is impossible to take into account the interaction between the load of the bush and the specific conditions of vineyard vegetation, and, consequently, the possible change in the potential fruitfulness of shoots. Recently, high-yielding varieties of the new generation that are resistant to adverse environmental conditions have become widely used in the vineyards of our country. Varieties with a large percentage of fruiting shoots tend to be overloaded with yield, and therefore it is necessary to limit the growth of bush yield capacity in order to achieve the yield of the required quality. Viticulture specialist recommend doing this mainly by applying a load norm optimized taking into account the varietal specifics, which allows to obtain conditioned yields suitable for their directed use. Successful planning of the bush load with shoots, stimulates the development of a powerful annual growth with which the necessary yield may be achieved and the skeletal part of the bush may be maintained. In any area, the yield of a particular grape variety is successfully grown and ripens on bushes, the load of which provides optimal conditions for growth and photosynthetic activity of the leaf apparatus. Based on all of the above, it should be noted that the surest way to establish the optimal load of grape bushes, taking into account the potential capabilities of the variety in order to obtain stable high yields of the required quality, is experimental.