Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Shadrina Zhanna
Articles in journal: (total 21)
The necessity of optimizing the parameters of technology and economic efficiency of production is substantiated. A methodological tools for the formation of a rational structure of fruit plantations is developed. The evaluation of efficacy of structural and parametric optimization of reproduction processes is given.
The industry reproductive tendencies are identified. The evaluative analysis of resourcing is conducted. The cumulative effect of factors on the level of resourcing is defined. The basic directions of resourcing increase are proposed.
The attention is focused on the aspects of increasing in the level of food self-sufficiency and the resulting by it the import substitution, the need for resource-technological development of viticulture and nursery in the Russian Federation is substantiated. A retrospective analysis is carried out, an assessment of the current state of the Russian wine and wine industry is made and the main trends in its development are identified. In order to develop nursery farming for the production of planting material in the proper volume and assortment, the need for the formation and systematic implementation of varietys and technological policies is substantiated, and due to the fact that macroeconomic processes distort the structure of production and accumulation the need for various and stable forms of State regulation and support. In order to achieve the goals of increasing in the production of certified grape seedlings in an amount that covers the needs for planting and renovation of plantations, the creation of breeding and nursery centers has been actualized to ensure the breeding process and the propagation of promising grape varieties in volumes that reduce an import dependence. The factors affecting the technological development of the vine and wine industry are identified. The role of science in the development of the vine and wine industry is determined. Based on many years analysis of the sectoral economics, climatic, agrocenotic changes and urgent scientific and practical problems, a number of scientific tasks are formulated, the solution of which is aimed at increasing in the efficiency and competitiveness of industrial production. The areas for the development of a sectoral economics, import substitution and concentration of scientific and technical potential and financial and material resources for achieving the target indicators in the development of the vine and wine industry are proposed, the implementation of which for the medium term is correlated with the fundamental positions of the Federal Law On Viticulture and Winemaking in the Russian Federation adopted this year.
The purpose of these study is to create the new apple varieties and elite forms of apples of different ploidy with a set of valuable agrobiological features for the formation of ecologically adaptive fruit growing systems. Breeding renovation of the domestic apple assortment will allow to successfully solve the problems of effective import substitution in the gardening industry of the North Caucasus Region of Russia. The objects of research are the apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. The study were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties of fruit crops. The article gives a comprehensive assessment of the main agrobiological characteristics of new apple varieties immune to scab and the economic efficiency of their cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory. The early ripening of apple cultivars, the regularity of fruiting, the yield capacity, the resistance of plants to scab, the quality and the standard of fruits have been studied. In the process of studying the genetic potential of apple plants, 2 elite immune forms, created in NCFSCHVW jointly with ARRIFCB, are selected, which surpass the standard varieties according to a set of economic valuable and adaptive significant characteristics. A shot description of the new immune to scab apple elite forms of Exotics and the Rozovy Zakat, the varieties of Amulet and Gin is given. The Amulet and Gin varieties have the high yield capacity (35.0-38.0 t/ha). The indicators of economic efficiency of new varieties cultivation (profit from sale and profitability) are calculated. For industrial cultivation, the most promising varieties of apple trees are selected, such as Amulet, Gin. High indexes of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are due to the most optimal combination of their immunity to scab with a complex and of important economic signs: fast fruiting, the high yield capacity and regularity of fruiting, the high quality and standard of fruits.
The estimation of the modern condition of viticulture industry in the Republic of Abkhazia is given. The necessity of program-oriented approach as a way to improve the efficiency of process of management of industry development is substantiated. The perspective trends of viticulture development are considered. The social economic estimation of efficiency of program realization of industry development is given.