Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

A necessary condition for identifying the most adaptive grape genotypes in unstable climatic conditions of the winter period is the constant monitoring of metabolic processes in the vine in response to changing climatic factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the vine under the influence of winter stress factors, to identify the most adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS � intraspecific origin Vitis vinifera L; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. By generally accepted physiological and biochemical methods, it was established that starch hydrolysis began in December with its transformation into soluble sugars, which perform an important cryoprotective function. In January, the content of sugars continued to increase, while that of starch continued to decrease. The maximum degree of starch hydrolysis was found in the Kristall and Vostorg varieties � a decrease of 3.19 and 2.04 times, and the maximum ccumulation of starch in the pre-winter period was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety � 8.12 mg/g dry weight. An increased content of sugars in the pre-winter period was found in Krasnostop AZOS variety � 9.21 mg/g dry weight in comparison with other studied varieties. Vostorg and Kristall variety had the highest increase in sugar content � 3.5 and 2.28 times. Anthocyanins showed their protective function to the maximum in Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties. After artificial freezing of shoots of Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties, the content of ions in the extract from the cells of the cortex increased slightly: potassium by 1.04 times, calcium by 1.01-1.03 times. In terms of the content of starch, sugars, anthocyanins, potassium and calcium ions, the Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter of 2021-2023 in comparison with other studied varieties.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the research work of the institution, obtained in 2022. Research is focused on solving the problems of accelerating the creation of new varieties of horticultural crops based on the mobilization of bioresource collections using molecular genetic methods and digital technologies; ensuring environmental and economic sustainability and optimal productivity of perennial agrocenoses, as well as the quality and safety of preserved plant agricultural raw materials based on biologization and digitalization of technological processes, etc. The analysis of the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities according to the criteria of research, publishing, publication, inventive activity, innovative, educational and financial and economic activities of a scientific institution. As a result of R&D, 106 completed developments of fundamental importance were obtained, which form the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of STP of the priority-applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 67 developments that improve the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and grape plantations, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool has been preserved � 7060 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 48 varieties; clones were selected and 5 donors and 40 sources were allocated to create new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to the most harmful diseases and pests. One of the most important results of the research was 3 varieties of fruit crops: 2 apple � Anita and Gaito Gazdanov, and one of sweet cherries � Slavyanka. The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use for 2022 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes Delicious Maria apple variety, Yasno solnyshko sweet cherry variety, Novogodnaya quince variety and 5 grape varieties: Varvarovskiy, Garmoniya, Zinta, Reksavi, Novokubanskiy. In the USAIS electronic accounting database, output products in the form of intellectual property objects for 91 completed developments are registered. Normative documentation was developed in the form of company standards, technological instructions and specifications for 31 completed developments.

Annotation

Monitoring of the key metabolite, the amino acid proline, in the grape plant is necessary to study the physiological mechanisms underlying the adaptive reactions of grapes in a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of the content of free proline in various grape varieties, to identify varieties with increased resistance to low temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various genetic origin: Kristall (control), Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Aligote, Zarif. The content of proline was determined by capillary electrophoresis on a Kapel 104R device according to a technique based on obtaining an electrophoregram using direct detection of the absorbing components of the sample. In January-February, the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg had an increased content of proline in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif. In the shoots of the varieties Kristall,, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, it was 7.38-8.26 �g/g fresh weight; in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif � 4.12-5.16 �g/g fresh weight. In the buds of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the content of proline was 7.92-9.21 �g/g fresh weight, in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif � 4.57-5.90 �g/g fresh weight. After artificial freezing in the shoots of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the proline content increased by 1.13-1.23 times, in other studied varieties it almost did not change. It has been shown that proline plays a significant role in the implementation of the stressprotective reactions of grapes to low temperatures. It has been established that according to the dynamics of the free proline content, the varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg are more resistant to low temperatures in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif.

Annotation

The results of physiological and biochemical studies frost-resistant of grape varieties are presented in the article in natu-ral and simulated environments. Ranges of variation of the Optima biochemical parameter of frost resistance (in the state of deep and compelled rest), allowed grape varieties such as Crystal, Krasnostop, AZOS, Dostoyniy to survive in extreme winter conditions of Anapa-Taman region, are established in result of study of stress factors influence of winter period on bio-chemical composition of plant organs of highly resistant to low temperatures grape varieties.

Annotation

The stability of grapes types of different origin to the complex of the abiotic stress factors of summer period of Anapo-Taman zone is studied. On the basis of determination of anatomical-morphological and physiological and biochemical indexes it is established that the hybrids of Euro-American origin possess the combined stability to the stress factors of summer periods.