Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

A necessary condition for identifying the most adaptive grape genotypes in unstable climatic conditions of the winter period is the constant monitoring of metabolic processes in the vine in response to changing climatic factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the vine under the influence of winter stress factors, to identify the most adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS � intraspecific origin Vitis vinifera L; Vostorg � Amur-American origin; Zarif � Eastern origin; Aligote � Western European origin. By generally accepted physiological and biochemical methods, it was established that starch hydrolysis began in December with its transformation into soluble sugars, which perform an important cryoprotective function. In January, the content of sugars continued to increase, while that of starch continued to decrease. The maximum degree of starch hydrolysis was found in the Kristall and Vostorg varieties � a decrease of 3.19 and 2.04 times, and the maximum ccumulation of starch in the pre-winter period was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety � 8.12 mg/g dry weight. An increased content of sugars in the pre-winter period was found in Krasnostop AZOS variety � 9.21 mg/g dry weight in comparison with other studied varieties. Vostorg and Kristall variety had the highest increase in sugar content � 3.5 and 2.28 times. Anthocyanins showed their protective function to the maximum in Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties. After artificial freezing of shoots of Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties, the content of ions in the extract from the cells of the cortex increased slightly: potassium by 1.04 times, calcium by 1.01-1.03 times. In terms of the content of starch, sugars, anthocyanins, potassium and calcium ions, the Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter of 2021-2023 in comparison with other studied varieties.

Annotation

Monitoring of the key metabolite, the amino acid proline, in the grape plant is necessary to study the physiological mechanisms underlying the adaptive reactions of grapes in a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of the content of free proline in various grape varieties, to identify varieties with increased resistance to low temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various genetic origin: Kristall (control), Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Aligote, Zarif. The content of proline was determined by capillary electrophoresis on a Kapel 104R device according to a technique based on obtaining an electrophoregram using direct detection of the absorbing components of the sample. In January-February, the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg had an increased content of proline in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif. In the shoots of the varieties Kristall,, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, it was 7.38-8.26 �g/g fresh weight; in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif � 4.12-5.16 �g/g fresh weight. In the buds of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the content of proline was 7.92-9.21 �g/g fresh weight, in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif � 4.57-5.90 �g/g fresh weight. After artificial freezing in the shoots of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the proline content increased by 1.13-1.23 times, in other studied varieties it almost did not change. It has been shown that proline plays a significant role in the implementation of the stressprotective reactions of grapes to low temperatures. It has been established that according to the dynamics of the free proline content, the varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg are more resistant to low temperatures in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif.

Annotation

The article presents the results of research aimed at creating competitive, highly productive vineyards with stable fruiting and high quality grape-wine products. An approach based on the creation of software based on established relationships and interdependencies in the "soil-plant-climate" system is proposed. The purpose of the research was to develop a decision-making algorithm for the selection of optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions and a PC for its implementation. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. The source of information about grape varieties was: the All-Russian ampelographic collection (city of Anapa), the collection of ARNRIV&W �Magarach� (Republic of Crimea), the collection of ARRIV&W named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Rostov region), Dagestan collection (city of Derbent). Modern methods of modeling and information technology were used as a methodological basis for research. Competent selection of variety when laying a vineyard is one of the main factors in the formation of competitive plantations. It is necessary to take into account requirements of variety for the temperature regime of the cultivation zone (the sum of active temperatures, minimum temperatures and the frequency of their repetition) when selecting a variety, in the case of grafted planting material, the affinity of the graft-rootstock combination and the characteristics of the rootstock. On the basis of the conducted research, an algorithm for selecting varieties and rootstocks for specific edaphoclimatic characteristics of the area of cultivation of grape plantations has been developed, which will ensure the highly efficient use of the genetic properties of varieties and the edaphoclimatic potential of the cultivation zone. The next stage of research was the direct programming of modules for calculating the selection of varieties according to specified criteria, which will allow creating software (PC) for the decision-making process for choosing the optimal grape varieties for specific edaphoclimatic conditions.

Annotation

The research is carried out in the Riesling vineyard under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture (Anapa). In is known that the technical Riesling grapes has a high productivity of shoots. Also we know, that there is a close relationship of formation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of grapes varieties from the genetic characteristics, hormonal plants status, balance of nutrition and weather-conditions. The task of the research was to identify the effect of air temperature and density of bushes planting on laying of generative organs in the buds of Riesling grapes. It is shown that under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of the Southern Russia viticulture the formation of rudimentary inflorescence occurs sequentially. Monitoring of grapes plants development shows that the first inflorescence was formed completely to July 1, the second inflorescence - to 22 of July. The period from the appearance of generative hillock to the formation of the first inflorescence was 25 days. On the differentiated inflorescences the coefficient of fruiting in the middle of July (K1) was the largest (> 1.0) in the area of 4-6 buds. In subsequent periods (22.07 and 05.08) a zone of differentiated inflorescences with a coefficient of fruitage > 1 has expanded from 2 to 7 buds. It was found that more intensively the differentiation of embryonic inflorescences takes a place in the rare planting of vineyards (3,5 × 2,0 m), compared with a tight planting (2,5 × 1 m). The more intensive differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of Riesling grapes is noted in a zone 2-7 buds. This fact must be taken into account when the calculating of the vines load and the execute of pruning are needed.

Annotation

In connection with climate change, it is necessary to improve the assortment of grapes adapted to the conditions of the south of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify physiological and biochemical indicators associated with the formation of protective reactions of various grape varieties to the effect of summer stressors; to identify adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region on the basis of them. Adaptive resistance of grapes to high temperatures was achieved by increasing the content of bound water and proline. It was found that the indicator of the ratio of bound water to free water, which determines the resistance to drought in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Kristall, Zarif, is higher than in other studied varieties and was 5.23-5.24 by the end of summer. The varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Aligote showed the maximum amounts of proline (52.41-66.14 μg/g raw weight), involved in the implementation of stress-protective mechanisms. Adaptive changes in water-soluble proteins and sugars played a decisive role in the formation of high-temperature stability in summer. A minimal decrease in the content of soluble proteins (by 1.3 times) during the summer was noted in the Dostoynyi and Kristall varieties, indicating their high adaptive ability. The unstable Aligote variety showed a maximum decrease in the content of soluble proteins by the end of summer (3.4 times). The Zarif variety showed the smallest changes in the content of soluble sugars (a decrease of 1.3 times), indicating increased adaptation to arid conditions. It was found that the induction of protective adaptive mechanisms is more pronounced in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, which proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the summer period 2019-2020.