Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The results of study of Liberty apple-tree on clonal rootstock at new garden in the agrical and ecological conditions of Stavropol r�gion for selection of rootstocks with valuable economical and biological traits for further production use are advanced.

Annotation

Scientific-based application of clonal rootstocks is one of the main factors of increase in efficiency of gardening. The non-supporting construction of the intensive garden (without a stationary support) allows to reduce the costs of planting about 2 million rubles / ha. This significantly increases in the efficiency of fruit production and competitiveness of domestic products. The article presents the results of impact assessing of 15 rootstocks of different origin on the growth and yield capacity of Liberty apple trees in the garden, created by planting rootstocks in a permanent place, with followed grafting by buds. The carried out research has shown that in the fifteenth year of vegetation, the size of the Liberty tree stock on the �� 3, �� 4 and B-13-43 rootstocks was less than that on the M 9. The first fruit bearing was observed Only on the rootstock of �� 3 in third year, and for the other rootstocks � from 4 years of vegetation. The most average harvest from 1 tree for 13 years of fruiting was obtained from Liberty trees on rootstocks M 26 and �� 2. Close to control M 9 was the harvest on rootstocks of II-31-7, B-9-19, �-70-456. The most specific productivity on average over 13 years of fruiting compared to M 9 rootstock the K-1 and �� 4 provided, close to M 9 rootstock � �� 2, �� 3, B-13-43. The best stability of the trees in the soil (anchorage) was on the semi-dwarf rootstocks of �� 2 and II-31-7, which according to the results of the integrated assessment can be recommended for compacted gardens without support construction.

Annotation

The scientifically reasonable application of clonal stocks is one of defining factors of increase of gardening efficiency, giving the possibility of creation of new ecologically safe technologies. Low growing trees are well adapted for intensive growing technologies, they has high productivity and high fruits quality. The purpose of this work is an assessment of cultivation efficiency of variety-rootstocks combinations of Liberty apple-tree on various low growing rootstocks in the intensive plantings under agrical and ecological conditions of Stavropol Region. The results of studying of growth and fructification of Liberty apple-tree clonal rootstocks of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Institute of Horticukture and Viticulture, the Buiynaksk Experimental Station, Donetsk selection, Crimean selection, Ist-Molling Experimental Station and the Don Institute breeding are given. The zoned M9 rootstock is served in a garden as a control. As a result of research the rootstocks for production test in the gardens with dense schemes of landings are allocated, they have fast fruit-bearing, high level of productivity and high quality of fruits. The fastest recoupment of expenditure of Liberty apple-tree cultivation is established on SK-2 rootstock (4,4 years). On total combination of advantages, revealed during research, the conclusion follows that the SK-2 rootstock is more perspective, than M9, for an apple-tree planting with the scheme of trees placement of 5�1 m under the conditions of Stavropol Region.

Annotation

Using the traditional method of cultivation of an apple-tree seedling the chip budding is carried out in the first field of nursery on two-year part of a rootstock. Based on the long term research the conclusion is made that the apple varieties with the increasing of altitude of chip budding reduce the crown volume and the yield of the tree, but they increase the intensity of fruiting per unit of crown volume. But nurseries, due to lack of rational technology, mainly continue to produce the seedlings with chip budding at a height of 15-20 cm. A new method for the preparation of rootstocks in the first field of nursery for high budding, in which all shoots on rootstock in early spring are removal except one vertical shoot. This way stimulates the growth of the left shoot and at the time of chip budding that shoot reaches a height of 120-130 cm. At the height of 55-60 cm the thickness of shoot reaches 8-10 mm and that is sufficient to the chip budding. According to the yield and quality of seedlings the proposed method is similar to the conventional method of chip budding, but also it has advantages. The cutting of plant on the bud requires the less efforts, it is noted the less breaking of shoots from strong winds. The shoots with cuttings over 75 cm in height in the first field was not enough productive because of their inferior survival, the rise of assimilating surface is delayed due to violation of the correlation between the above-ground part of plant and root system, and it significantly reduced their development. The quantity of standard seedlings at a chip budding in the shoot of current year at the height of 55-60 cm t on 36-58% was higher than at the chip budding in two years wood.

Annotation

Native and international experience shows that the most resource-saving way to significantly reduce the growth vigor of apple trees is to graft them on rootstocks of dwarf and semi-dwarf growth vigor. It reduces the planting scheme and sharply increases the number of plants planted per unit area, which is the main structural feature of intensive plantation of perennial fruit crops. In the framework of the joint program of apple rootstock breeding carried out since 2001 by the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making� and the Stavropol Experimental Station of horticulture � Branch of Federal State Scientific Institution �North-Caucasian FNAC� the apple rootstocks of the St series were created. The article presents the results of studying the growth and yield of Zolotoy Potok apple trees grafted on 28 new rootstocks of the St series. The experimental garden was laid in the fall of 2010, the planting scheme is 4x1.6 m. The hybrid forms of apple rootstocks were ranked according to the growth vigor of grafted trees. Rootstocks of dwarf and semi-dwarf growth vigor are of the greatest practical interest. In the experiment, 21 forms correspond to these parameters from 28 rootstocks studied. The analysis of long-term data is carried out on the yield of Zolotoy Potok apple-tree on hybrid rootstocks of the St series of different growth vigor. The statistically significant influence of the rootstock genotype the yield of variety-rootstock combinations was established. The highest average annual yield of Zolotoy Potok apple-tree was provided by rootstocks St 8-1 and St 27-1 (from the group of very weakly growth vigor), as well as dwarf St 21-1 and semi-dwarf rootstocks of St 18-5. The selection in the garden of the most productive new apple rootstocks of St series with high adaptive capacity under the North Caucasus conditions, will significantly increase in the apple fruit production and to rise the use efficiency of resource potential of the region.