Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

To solve modern problems of apple tree breeding, research aimed at mobilizing bioresources of the genus Malus Mill. including using a complex of methods of phenotypic assessment and DNA analysis to identify new high-value donors of significant traits to optimize a number of important stages of the breeding process. The objects of study are 22 hybrid forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different genetic origin. Hybrid own-root plantations of apple trees, planted in 2017, are located in Experimental Production Farming "Centralnoye" (Krasnodar). A standard differentiator, Priscilla, was used as a control for the presence of the Rvi6 gene. as well as apple tree varieties of the NCFSCHVW collection: Soyuz, Orfey, Florina. Research work was carried out at NCFSCHVW, using the Center for collective use of high-tech equipment and the Center for collective use of bioplant resources. The aim of the study was to isolate homozygous forms for the Rvi6 gene of resistance to Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. among the hybrid material of the apple tree for further breeding use. The programs and methods of selection and variety study were used. The method of PCR analysis was applied to identify the presence of homozygosity for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene using the codominant marker AL07 in 22 new hybrids obtained from parental forms, carrying the Rvi6 gene in a heterozygote: Carmen, Liberty, Gemeni, Renuartsiv, Modi, Fujion, 12/1-21-63, 2034. According to the results of DNA analysis, it was found that 4 out of 22 studied samples were homozygous for the dominant allele of the Rvi6 gene; 10 � heterozygous. Valuable for breeding homozygotes for the scab resistance gene Rvi6: 17/1-6-66, 17/2-6-4 (from the family 12/1-21-63 × Modi); 17/2-5-19, 17/2-5-20 (Carmen × Modi). The results of the study can be used to plan pollination schemes during hybridization, replenish the identified collections with new donors, structure the gene pool, supplement and develop information databases for use in breeding work and in production.

Annotation

The studies were carried out according to the programs and methods of variety study and breeding generally accepted and developed at the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the center for collective use �Research and breeding collection of genetic resources of horticultural crops�. The objects of research are 57 varieties and forms of apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy, ecological geographic and genetic origin. The purpose of the study is to study allelic polymorphism for the self-incompatibility gene during pollination in representatives of the genus Malus Mill. for use in apple breeding. The CTAB method was used to prepare the DNA preparation. To identify alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10 of the desired gene used the method of PCR analysis. It was revealed that these alleles of the S gene have a significant difference in the frequency of occurrence in the studied sample. The most common allele is S2, the frequency of which is the highest in the sample � 40.35%; the frequency of occurrence of alleles S3, S5, S7 and S10 is significantly lower (in 1.9�4.6 times) and is 21.05 %; 8.77 %; 17.54 % and 21.05 %, respectively. Among scab-immune apple cultivars, the S2 and S10 alleles are the most common (distribution frequency 54.17 % and 33.33 %, respectively). According to the results of DNA analysis among 57 sample samples in 10 varieties: Victoria, Virginia, Gertrude, John Downey, Zheltozelenoe, Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Nikita, Riesling red, Florking did not reveal the presence of alleles S2, S3, S5, S7 and S10. With the exception of Victoria and Virginia varieties with low pollen viability, the remaining varieties are identified as promising pollinators (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability) for use in breeding and production. The results of the analysis of this sample of apple varieties are important for solving the problems of structuring the collection fund, replenishing information databases, identifying the best pollinators for breeding research and use in production.

Annotation

Evaluation of the potential of new apple varieties and forms in the conditions of North Ossetia Alania is based on the study of the main elements of the productivity system: rapidity, the rate of increase in yield, the regularity of fruiting, and yield. The article gives an assessment of the production potential of promising apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The studies were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of selection and sorting of fruit crops. We studied the early maturity, the regularity of fruiting, the yield of trees of different varieties of apple. High-speed varieties of regional selection � Fairy, Dawn, Talisman, Carmen, Gold Stream and foreign selection � Liberty with very early maturity � were allocated for the second year after planting annual garden plants on the MM-106 stock. It was noted that the the sign of the early fruit of the apple cultivar, with the exception of the Fairy variety, is immune to scab. The most productive varieties and forms of apple trees are distinguished in 2017: regional selection � Prikubanskoe, In memory of esaulu, Union, Rodnichok, Carmen, Talisman, Lubava, Lubimoe Dutova, 12 / 2-20-35; foreign selection � Gala Galaxy, Sunrise, Ligol, Pinova, Red Chif. The stable flatratio for the years of research (2014-2017) was noted in the apple-tree sorts: Red Amber, Soyuz, Prima, Gala Galaxy, Florina, Pinova and elite form 12/2-20-35. The study of the production potential of promising apple varieties of various maturation periods in the conditions of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania made it possible to identify the most valuable varieties from among the studied for use in breeding research and production.

Annotation

In the South of Russia, one of the most promising direction of apple tree breeding is the creation of high-quality varieties, immune and resistant to scab, which are the basis of domestic biological resources of culture under the import substitution conditions. The purpose of this research is the search, mobilization and conservation of the apple genetic resources for study, conservation and use of the biodiversity of cultivated plant forms in breeding and production. The study were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and variety study. Objects of research are the apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The following parameters were studied: early ripening, weak growth, regular fruiting, yield, resistance to the main fungal pathogens (scab and powdery mildew), fruit quality, including large fruiting. As a result of carried out research 9 genetic varieties of the apple tree (Retinda, Reakta, Remo, Resi, Retina, Resista, ZIVG-198, Nesterova's Memory, Stella) were stored and they replenished the genetic apple collection. The brief characteristic of these varieties is given. The valuable apple genotypes of different ploidy are distinguished: the sources of early fruit bearing and weak growth, and winter hardiness, combining the immunity to scab with high field resistance to powdery mildew, and also with late blossom (allowing to avoid the spring frosts). In the course of the research work, the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of the apple tree have been identified. Two new donors of immunity to scab are created in NCFSCHVW together with All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding � elite form of 12 / 1-21-12 and Granatovoe variety (from the family Aidared x Balsgard 0247E) � fast fruit bearing, drought-resistant, yielding, with fruits of high quality and winter ripening.

Annotation

The new apple�s genotypes combining the high quality of fruits with stability to abiotic and biotic stress-factors of environment are allocated on the basis of selection on a phenotype in the combination with identification of target signs by method of molecular DNA marking and biochemical methods of research.