Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Ulyanovskaya Elena
Articles in journal: (total 38)
Laboratory and field data on studying of physiological and biochemical features of resistance to drought of different chromosomal apple-tree forms are presented.
Laboratory and field datas on study of phenological, morphological, biochemical and technological fruits features of different chromosomal apple-tree forms with higher rates of ecological safety are presented
The purpose of these study is to create the new apple varieties and elite forms of apples of different ploidy with a set of valuable agrobiological features for the formation of ecologically adaptive fruit growing systems. Breeding renovation of the domestic apple assortment will allow to successfully solve the problems of effective import substitution in the gardening industry of the North Caucasus Region of Russia. The objects of research are the apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. The study were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties of fruit crops. The article gives a comprehensive assessment of the main agrobiological characteristics of new apple varieties immune to scab and the economic efficiency of their cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory. The early ripening of apple cultivars, the regularity of fruiting, the yield capacity, the resistance of plants to scab, the quality and the standard of fruits have been studied. In the process of studying the genetic potential of apple plants, 2 elite immune forms, created in NCFSCHVW jointly with ARRIFCB, are selected, which surpass the standard varieties according to a set of economic valuable and adaptive significant characteristics. A shot description of the new immune to scab apple elite forms of Exotics and the Rozovy Zakat, the varieties of Amulet and Gin is given. The Amulet and Gin varieties have the high yield capacity (35.0-38.0 t/ha). The indicators of economic efficiency of new varieties cultivation (profit from sale and profitability) are calculated. For industrial cultivation, the most promising varieties of apple trees are selected, such as Amulet, Gin. High indexes of economic efficiency of cultivation of these varieties are due to the most optimal combination of their immunity to scab with a complex and of important economic signs: fast fruiting, the high yield capacity and regularity of fruiting, the high quality and standard of fruits.
The purpose of this work is to carry out the assesment of apple varieties of various ploidy on physiological-biochemical and anatomic-morphological parameters for studying of adaptive mechanisms of an apple-tree stability to drought under the conditions of North Caucasus Region. For an assessment of degree of drought resistance of an apple-tree varieties the modern high-precision physiological and biochemical methods of research of a water metabolism, the content of protein, sugar, pigments (by means of a spectral method) and proline (by means of a capillary electrophoresis) are used as well as the methods of light microscopy. According to the obtained data of research ,which have been carried out in the contrast years on weather conditions, the Souz and the Rodnichok triploid varieties proved more drought-resistant in comparison with Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mac, Dayton diploids. The xeromorfic traits of the leaf sheet, the raised content of the water connected forms, sucrose and proline can serve as sientific-reasonable criteria of an assessment of drought resistance of apple-tree varieties. The obtained during research results convince that the increase in a ploidy of plants and creation of the triploid varieties can lead to receiving the more resistant plants under extreme conditions of the environment.
The purpose of this work was the search, mobilization and preservation of genetic apple-tree resources for studying and use of biodiversity of forms of cultural plants in a breeding process and production. The objects of research were the genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the process of scientific-research work the breeding programs and techniques including the techniques developed with participation of research associates of the Center of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticultural and Viticulture were used. The preservation and replenishment of genetic collection by new varieties and perfect forms of an apple-tree were the result of carried our research. The valuable genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy are selected: there are the sources of signs of fast bearing and dwarf vigor and high adaptation to a drought. The selected genotypes combine the immunity to a scab with high field resistance to mildew, as well as with the late term of blossoming that allow plants to avoid the damages by spring frosts. In the process of research work we have selected 2 new donors of immunity to a scab (12/1-21-25 and 12/2-21-65), and also the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of an apple-tree. The elite form 12/2-20-39 is selected as a source of fruit big size taking into accounts the long-term observations. The elite forms and new apple varieties with Vf genome are rather perspective for active use in a breeding when consecutive backcrossing process with highly productive varieties, possessing the high commercial characteristics of fruits, but susceptible to a scab, for receiving of high-quality, adaptive, immune to a scab apple-tree genotypes of new generation