Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

As a result of the long-term work at All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, the apple assortment substantially increased in the central zone of Russia. The cultivars of Veteran, Orlik, Orlovskoye Polosatoye, Sinap Orlovsky, etc. are wide spread. Scab immune cultivars have been released; their resistance is controlled by Rvi6: Imrus, Veniaminovskoye, Bolotovskoye, Zdorovie, Kandil Orlovsky, Solnyshko and Svezhest. These cultivars have winter maturation and are wide used in commercial and home gardens of the Central Chernozem Zone. The assortment was replenished with new winter apple cultivars that combine a scab immunity (Rvi6) with a triploid chromosome set (3x), including the varieties of Aleksandr Boiko, Vavilovskoye and Rozhdestvenskoy and the summer apple varieties, including Zhilinskoye, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas. The results of the study of the major economical and biological characteristics of Academician Saveliev (ELS 31-36-149) apple cultivar accepted for the state test are given. This cultivar was obtained as a result of the target crossing Veniaminovskoye x 25-35-144 (Wealthy tetraploid x Papirovka tetraploid). The study was carried out on the plot of the primary study of Institute in 2010-2017 where the studied selected and elite seedlings were grafted in the crown of 3-4-98. The scheme of planting was 4m x 2m. The study was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodology of variety investigation and winter hardiness study in the field and laboratory. It is established that the triploid cultivar of Academician Saveliev is superior to the control of Antonovka Obyknovenna-ya in fast fruit bearing, yield capacity, and the regularity of fruiting. This new apple variety is resistant to scab, winter hardy in Orel Region, and bears high-marketable fruits of winter ripening.

Annotation

The results of hardiness evaluation of new apple�s varieties of different ripening to early and late winter frost, after thaw, under Kuban conditions are analyzed.

Annotation

The contents of protein, free amino acids and proline in the apple-trees shoots of various winter resistance are defined. In a winter period at low temperatures the contens of proteins and proline increase in winter steady varieties. Low contents of proline in the bark and its powerfull lowering after freesing is tipically for low steady apple-trees varieties.

Annotation

The research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of physiology of fruit stability plants of VNIISPK in 2016-2017. The objects of the research were apple cultivars selected by the Institute and growing on a semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118. The variety of Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a control. The experiments were started in 2013, with the scheme of the trees plantings is 5 � 3 m. The crown was spindle�shaped. The row-spacing and trunk strips were kept under black steam. To determine the heat resistance of apple cultivars, the method of heat shock +50 ºC (1.5 hours) was used. The purpose of the research was to study the heat resistance of apple cultivars based on determining the parameters of the water regime in the laboratory. The following parameters of the water regime were determined: total hydration, water deficit, restoration of leaf hydration. As a result of two-year studies, the studied apple cultivars were characterized by average water content (61.2...64.9 %), low water deficit under the field conditions and average deficit after exposure to heat shock and high ability to restore water content of leaf tissues (85.2...108.1%) after exposure to high temperature. The distribution of precipitations and temperatures under the field conditions during the passage of the studied cultivars of individual phenophases affected the hydration and water deficit of apple leaf tissues. There was a decrease in total water content and an increase in water deficit of leaves tissues during the fruit formation period (August) and during the onset of dry and hot conditions in the summer period. After exposure to high temperature +50 ºC in the laboratory conditions, the leaves showed an increase in water deficit in apple cultivars compared to the data under the field conditions. It was found that all the studied apple cultivars had an average level of heat resistance at the level of the control cultivar of Antonovka Obyknovennaya.