Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The main purpose of work is optimization of methods of obtaining of long-term data on the dynamics of defeat degree of fruit plants by fungal diseases. The point of plants defeat is the result of complex interaction in the system "owner - activator - medium", transformed in accordance with area conditions and with conditions of year. As a material for research it was taken 140 sweet cherries varieties from plantings collection for study of stability to coccomicosis. For study of resistance to monilia 134 varieties samples were taken. The result of the dispersive analysis, which was carried out at the beginning of research, confirmed the complexity of allocation of forms with polygenic type of stability according to long-term data. Dispersion research in long-term test accurately showed that considerable influence on variability of defeat point of stone fruit cultures by coccomicosis and monilia have the conditions of year and "variety-year" interactions. We offered a statistical method which ensure the minimization of the effect of all factors, except genetic difference of varieties forms. Indicators of specific reactions of variety to environment change using the assessment of ecological plasticity of varieties were taken for this purpose. The approach offered by us consists the establishment of such criterion of breeding value of sample which includes the relatively low average point of diseases defeat, the indicators of its stability in the varying conditions of the environment and the characteristics of pathogen population. On the basis of the offered approach the best sweet cherry forms with high resistance to coccomicosis are allocated. The value of such approach is that with its help the extensive data on dynamics of resistance of agricultural plants to pathogens can be used.

Annotation

The effective methods of reproduction in vitro the remote hybrids of Cerasus �ill., that are interesting as donors and stability sources to Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins and as new forms of rootstocks for a cherry, a sweet cherry and Japanese cherry tree are presented as results of joint research NCRRIH&V and Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus).

Annotation

The purpose of research is development of scientific based system of processing methods of plum cultivation with steady big harvest on different rootstocks for intensive technologies that is the important instrument of import substitution; selection of optimal systems of crown formation for the concrete scion-rootstock's combinations that allows you to reduce the labor input of works, this system reduces the costs of harvesting and positively influences on the maximal realization of biological potential of plants. For conditions of the South of Russia the system of effective processing methods of industrial plum production on weak growing and middle growing rootstocks within the implementation of the Doctrine of food security of Russia is developed and approved. In research the rootstocks which are the most demanded in the South of Russia, including the new domestic breeding clonal rootstocks of BS-2 (VIR Krymsk station) and PKG-25-1 (NCRRIH&V) are used. In the course of four years' work the most rational parameters are determined and also the system of crown formation of trees of various growth force providing the optimization of physiological condition of plants. The responsiveness of various scion-rootstock's plum combinations of Stenly on intra soil and leaf top dressing is studied, the scheme of measures for protection of plants against vermins and diseases is offered. Efficiency of the offered system of processing methods is confirmed with increase in productivity of plantings on average for 2,7-4,4%, in comparison with the production technological scheme of plum cultivation accepted in the economy; decrease in prime cost of a unit of production by 2,6-6,7%; decrease in technogenic impact on the soil by 10-15%; receiving considerable additional profit (from 72,4 to 89,9 thousand rubles/hectare); increase in profitability of fruits production (for 7,73-12,9 %).

Annotation

The main goal of this paper is development of methodological approach to assessment of resistance degree of stone fruit crops to phytophatogens, which could let to select forms with long-termed resistance and to get qualified and ecologically pure production with the reduce of pesticide load. As model system was used the resistance of Prunus L. hybrids to coccomycoces. Now the methods of selection of forms with horizontal resistance are very popular. The complexity of the allocation of such forms lies in the significant variability of plants defeat even on the same block. The dependence of defeat point by a number of factors (conditions of the year, location of the tree in the block, the presence of various pathogen biotypes in the population, skill of specialists, etc.) often does not allow to correctly assess the resistance of many varieties. It is confirmed by numerous publications in which data are presented on the various degree of fruit plants lesion (varieties, hybrids, rootstocks), even growing in the same geographical areas. The use of biochemical indicators related to sustainability allows us to create the rapid methods for the selection of unaffected forms. The development of such methods is related to the study of variability of biochemical parameters, and of lesion point and those relations, with the help of genetic-statistical analysis. For selection of reference forms, that is the plants with clear reaction on pathogen infection (not infected by fungus with horizontal resistance elements and with late infection progress) need to make controlled inoculation by different biotypes. The article suggests the methodological approach to the assessment of stability of stone fruit crops based on the use of the complex of biochemical, genetic and immunological and statistical methods.

Annotation

Prospects of use of decorative form collection of fruit culture steady against illnesses for gardening of landscapes of a modern mega city in the conditions of the south of Russia are presented in the article