Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

As a result of interspecific hybridization and methods of biotechnology in North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture many forms of genus Cerasus �ill. with the original external characteristics is received. The collection immune to Blumeriella jaapii decorative forms is cre-ated. Perspective forms in use for gardening are allocated.

Annotation

The results of studies of the productivity of different graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the submontane zone of the Krasnodar Region on floodplain soils are presented. The stability of various plum rootstocks to unfavorable soil parameters was studied. The characteristics of the soil cover of the site and prospective domestic rootstocks for large-stone fruit crops are given. It was revealed that the main negative parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy-loamy soils, leading to a decrease in productivity and oppression of plants, are the periodic rise in the groundwater level and low fertility (very low availability of organic matter and mobile phosphorus). The variation exhibitions in the condition and yield of trees on these soils, depending on the rootstock, is established. In the leveled areas with periodic rise of the ground water level and stagnation of excess moisture at a depth of at least 120 cm from the soil surface, plum trees on all the studied rootstocks were in satisfactory condition. However, plum trees planted in 2015 on the rootstocks of PK SK-1, PK SK-2, 934 and 935 were more productive (5.7-6.6 t/ha). In low relief elements (gullies, swales, closed depressions), where stagnation of excess moisture in the soil profile at a depth of 80 cm or less is observed, depression and death of plum trees take place. The greatest resistance of plants to these conditions was noted on the rootstocks of PK SK�2 and 935. In these edaphoclimatic conditions, the most resistant to periodic long-term overwatering of the root layer of the soil are graft-rootstock combinations of Stenley/PC SK�2 and Stenley/935. These trees have the highest yield and the lowest percentage of plant death.

Annotation

Russia apricot production is on 16 place in the world. Basically, it is cultivated in the Southern regions of Russia, as it is a warm and light-loving plant, characterized by early flowering. It requires a smaller set of positive temperatures than for other fruit-trees to get out of the dormant stage, so the flower buds damaged often die to recurrent frosts and early frosts. Increase in the production of this very demanded and useful crop product requires a precise selection of specific conditions of the growing environment necessary for stable fruiting, especially in the winterspring period. In connection with climate change, it is necessary to constantly monitor the strength and direction of changes in weather stresses and possible with it modifications to the growing areas. The analysis of temperature data for the period 1950-2020 made it possible to reveal a clearly manifested cyclicality of the difference between the daily maximum and minimum air temperatures in time with a 30-year interval. It has been established that the apricot wood can be able to withstand the absolute minimum up to -30 º�, and the flower buds in the forced dormancy phase � up to -22 º�. According to it, since 1890, a study of the frequency of the onset of absolute minimum temperatures for thirty-year periods has been carried out. It is noted that the most frequent manifestations of temperature stresses, fatal for this crop, are observed in two periods � 1921-1951 and 1952-1982. The data obtained made it possible to develop a new version of apricot zoning in the Krasnodar Territory for the period up to 2030, based on computer technologies using. The results of this work will allow us to expand the area of cultivation of this valuable crop and avoid the risks in the process of crops obtaining.

Annotation

In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD �Tsentralnoye� (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.

Annotation

Planting stock of fruit sapling requires the improvement of the fruit assortment, taking into account the changes in climatic factors of cultivate area. The rootstocks resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors adapted the most to local soil and climatic conditions are necessary. Therefore, this work dedicated to the selection of rootstock adaptive forms for plum-tree relevant to modern gardening. The change in the weather conditions in the Krasnodar Territory over the past 68 years is analyzed in this paper. A trend towards an increase in average daily air temperature was found. Two periods of warming over a long-term period are shown, one �in the spring, and other � in the summer months. The research carried out in the Ust-Labinsk area with frequent adverse manifestations of weather stressors, promote the forestall breeding on a number of stability indicators. The proposed materials of the article contributes to the development of resource-saving technologies involving the use of adaptive plants and environmental methods for their cultivation and reproduction. As a result of study, the adaptive plum rootstocks have been identified, which have a high percentage of rooting when growing without irrigation on a bogar, with the selection of domestic preparations that give the greatest effect of increasing in rooting rate and yield of high-quality planting stock. It was found that the most suitable for rooting under the conditions of lack of moisture and high summer temperatures are the rootstocks: BS 2, PK SK-1 and the rootstock forms of PKSK-2, 921, PKG18 / 13, PKSK-2, 921 (2), 934, 918 �13, 6p34. The significant influence of the rootstock genotypes the ability to rooting by lignified cuttings under the influence of various preparations was noted. Under these conditions the greatest effect was observed when the rootstocks forms of 934 and SC SC-2 were reproducted with using of Fitactiv Extra Kornevin B and Fitactiv Extra Kornevin A preparations.