Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Grape culture in the Krasnodar region has been widespread since ancient times. However, despite this, the issues of studying and replenishing the gene pool of grapes with wild-growing forms remain open and relevant. In this article, the authors show the results of a study of wild grapes growing on the territory of the �Safari Park� Nature Park and in the Tonkiy Cape area of the Krasnodar region. As a result of the expedition research, seven populations of wild grapes were found with some similarities and differences in morphological and biological characteristics. A brief description of the ecological-geographical and natural-climatic conditions of growing wild forms of grapes of the studied territory is given. The studied forms are dioecious plants, as there are samples with both male and female flower types. Material was selected for further study from the found forms of grapes. The variability of some signs was found, for example: the degree of openness of the tops of young shoots and their pubescence, the saturation of the color of the tops of young shoots and young leaves, the type and degree of pubescence of the formed leaves, the shape and degree of corrugation of the leaves, the type of flower, the depth of leaf clippings, etc. At the time of sampling for further study, the studied wild forms of grapes had no visually visible damage by the main pests and diseases.

Annotation

The method of formation and mainte-nance of bushes in the nursery plays a primary role in the measures to increase the efficiency of rootstock cultivation. The formation of bushes is an important agrotechnical mode, regulated the growth and development of plants and the quality of planting material. The best way of bushes formation, is the way when the greatest yield of qualitative cuttings is ensured from an unit of area at the lowest cost. The following main principles determine the theoretical basis for choosing the forms of grape bushes in the nursery of vine rootstocks: they are the construction of bushes and the biology of the varieties used should be maximally adapted to local conditions of growth, to desrease in the negative influence of abiotic stressors, to respond to varietal characteristics, and to be convenient for manual and mechanized work. The purpose of this work is the theoretical substantiation of the development of effective methods of plantations growing grape nursery that provide an increase in the yield and quality of standard cuttings under conditions of the grafted crop cultivation. This study consisted of a review of Russian and foreign literature, articles, reports and electronic sources (magazines, books and websites) on this subject, related to the formation of wine rootstock nurse-ry plantation. Despite the existence of a wide variety of forms and ways of vine bushes keeping, there are a number of deficiencies that adversely affect the quality and yield of cuttings from an unit area, and making it more difficult to control the diseases and vermins. Therefore, at present, the creation and development of new resource-saving ways of vine rootstock nursery maintaining for the production of high-quality cuttings is one of the urgent tasks in the field of grape nursery keeping.

Annotation

The article provides an information about types of rootstocks of domestic and foreign breeding used in the modern viticulture industry. The area of their use are described, the useful properties of rootstocks and their lacks are noted. A complete description of grapes rootstocks of Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Winegrowing and Winemaking breeding (AZOS-1, AZOS-2, AZOS-3, AZOS-4, AZOS-5 and AZOS-6) with highly resistant to leaf form of phylloxera, to chlorosis and number of other diseases of vine, as well as a short vegetation period, low stepson ability and high yield of standard half-meter cuttings per hectare is given. For the study of grapes rootstock varieties the modern research methods are used. Recommendations on zoning of varieties and rootstocks of Anapa Experimental Station�s breeding and area of their optimal use are given. It is shown that the correct selections of rootstock can increase the vineyards productivity and improve the quality of grapes berries.

Annotation

A distinctive feature of the grape rootstock � it provides an economic yield not only of grape berries, but also of cuttings, which are used as a rootstock for grafting. Recently, new grape varieties have been created, that are tolerant to phylloxera and provide an economic yield of berries, the vine of these varieties can be used as a rootstock. When choosing a rootstock variety for each specific plot (zone), the phylloxera resistance, lime resistance, affinity, drought resistance, frost resistance, vegetation period, and nematode resistance are very important. There are no universal rootstocks that would fully possess the above properties. For each specific case, it is necessary to select those varieties of rootstocks that would more closely meet the natural conditions of the area. 13 new hybrid forms of grape rootstocks were studied, during the research data were obtained on the rootstock growth and development, morphology and yield. Research on the development of new hybrid rootstock forms of stocks has been conducted since 2010, these hybrids were obtained by crossbreeding and grown from seeds, from 3 to 4 years of age they began to yield berries and vines. This article presents data of the study from 2015 to up 2017. Over the course of long standing research, the individual combinations of crosses have shown very good results on growth vigor of bushes, shoots ripening, chlorine resistance, side shoot formation and resistant to disease and vermin infection. All hybrid bushes were exposed to artificial infection with phylloxera 2 times per year. This experiment showed that the bushes are not susceptible to infection, with the exception of 2 bushes of Krasnostop AZOS x f7 hybrid form, and 2 bushes of the Cabernet AZOS x f7 were affected by the leaf form of phylloxera.

Annotation

At the moment, there are no systematic scientific conclusions in Russia about the mechanisms of the impact of preparations of various forms of non-root action on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grapes and wine products obtained from plots of different levels of fertility. The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of the effect of non-root preparations of different composition and system of action on the grape plant. The main attention, along with the yield capacity, was paid to the quality and organoleptic value of wine products from poor soil areas during the study of the technical grape variety Chardonnay. The objects of research were grapes and wine of Chardonnay variety from variants of treatment with non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Filloton, Agrumax). The experiment of studying the effect of foliar dressings on the productivity of a grape plant and the quality of wine was established in the Anapa region on vine plantations grafted onto a Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstock planted in 2006 according to a 3x1.5 m scheme, the formation was a bilateral cordon Kazenava. Research results 2019-2021 showed that the treatment of grape bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied foliar preparations had a positive effect on the yield capacity and technological qualities of grapes of the Chardonnay variety. The best result in terms of yield capaciry was given by the variants treated with Agrumax and Gumel Lux � 9.7 and 9.4 kg/plant, respectively. The most extractive in the experiment proved to be wine materials from variants with treatment of Gumel Lux and Phylloton, which affected the taste of these samples. In terms of organoleptic parameters, in the year of the study, the variant of wine material from grapes treated with Gumel Lux proved to be the best.