Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The blackberry microplants, obtained from meristem in vitro culture VIR (meriklones), were studied under the natural conditions of a foothill zone of the Adygea Republic on traits of their viability, main agronomic characteristics and adaptability. The results of survival of the test-tube plants are received at their transplantation on a sterile soil substratum: from 44% (Merton Thornless) to 100% (Cascade, Witford Thornless, Oregon) and then under natural conditions of the environment (98%). The analysis of growth and fructification of samples is carried out. Thornless varieties of Dirksen Thornless, Eldorado, Evergreen Thornless are steadily fruitful. The first two varieties differ in large berries and their high marketability. Early ripening varieties are Young, Cascade, Dirksen Thornless, Logan Thornless, Tayberry; the late-ripening - Santiam and Evergreen Thornless. 7-10% of sugars are accumulated in the berries of Cascade, Tayberry, Young, Whitford Thornless, 60 mg/% of ascorbic acid have Achton Cross, Oregon Thornless, Merton Thornless and Tayberry varieties. Drought and heat resistance of blackberries are estimated generally 4,5 points. In the field conditions the content of water in the leaves makes 60-70 %. At artificial dehydration the leaves of Achton Cross and Dirksen Thornless varieties lose more than 40% of water for 6 hours. High water-retaining ability of leaves is noted at Logan Thornless blackberry. In severe and low-snow winters at varieties of Whitford Thornless, Dirksen Thornless, Eldo-rado, Logan Thornless, Young the top part of shoots freezes slightly, and at Cascade and Achton Cross the shoots freeze slightly to soil level. Oregon Thornless and Whitford Thornless varieties are almost resistant against leaves spot (defeat to 1 point) the Cascade, Santiam, Tayberry varieties are high susceptible (3,5 points).

Annotation

In the southern regions of Russia, during the active growing season of pears, almost every year there is an impact of drought, heat, dry winds, which affects their water status, growth, productivity and adaptation. When selecting varieties for optimal placement, it is necessary to take into account their adaptability to dry growing conditions. From the collections of the Maykop experimental station VIR, more than 120 samples of pears were included in experiments to study the drought resistance of plants: 59 varieties, including 43 varieties of European origin and 16 East Asian, 26 species, 38 ecological forms of the Caucasian pear. Field assessment of the plant condition was carried out visually after prolonged exposure to stress. In parallel, a laboratory method of leaf wilting was used, which allows judging the degree of endurance of various samples to the dehydration factor and the relative drought resistance of plants by the parameters of the water regime. On the basis of adaptability and indicators of the water regime, pear samples with increased resistance of leaves to dehydration are identified, which can be recommended for cultivation in the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea in areas with limited water supply. These are such European varieties as Bessemyanka, Borup, Williams, Krasnodarskaya letnyaya and Lastochka, whose leaves lost only 30-40 % of water in 6 hours of dehydration. Under the same conditions, the lowest water losses 42-46%) were observed in the varieties Minueli, Olga and Pinli from East Asian pears. From the MES VIR species collection, P. caucasica Fed., P. elaeagnifolia Pall., P. nivalis Jacq., P. salicifolia Pall., P. ussuriensis Maxim. may be of interest for breeding for drought resistance.

Annotation

Tasty and technological qualities of raspberries depend not only on the genotype but also on their chemical composition, which is associated with soil and climatic conditions of plant growth. Long-term comparative study of raspberry samples on the main chemical characteristics in the foothills of Adygea allowed to determine the best among them. An assessment of more than 30 varieties of raspberries and one of the Rubus idaeus L. ecotypes (k-12897) was carried out. It is determined that, the content of dry substances in raspberries is about 13-19 %; sugars accumulate � 4-10 %; acidity (malic acid) � 1,4-2,6 %; vitamin C (ascorbic acid) � 21-43 mg %. Increased amount of dry matter (about 18 %) were allocated the berries such varieties as Aly Parus, Magnificent Delbard, Lloyd George, Turner. The varieties of Aly Parus, Magnificent Delbard and Carolina (9.6%) have a high sugar content in this zone. According to the amount of vitamin C in raspberries, the varieties of Alenushka, Aly Parus, Arbat, Generalissimus, Lloyd George, Mestnaya is Astrakhani, Meteor, Olathe, Turner (40-45 mg %) stood out. When tasting jam and raspberry compote, the appearance of the product, color, consistency, taste, aroma of jam, as well as the color, transparency and taste of the syrup were determined. Samples of raspberries, received the maximum overall score (4,9-5,0 points) Aly Parus, Skromnitsa, Kompanion, Prude, Shuntukskaya can be used to prepare the high-quality jam. All compotes were characterized by high taste qualities of berries, color of syrup and transparency. According to the general technological assessment (5.0 points), compotes from Hussar and Tarusa varieties were stand out.

Annotation

The problem of collecting and preservation raspberry types and varieties acquires a special relevance in connection with reduction of a genetic variety. The genbancks biodiversity remains generally in the field collections, in vitro conditions and in the cryocollections. The adaptation problem the culture tube of plants is of interest at their transfer to natural conditions. The collection of VIR (St. Petersburg) in vitro are presented by 114 specimens of raspberry from which in a basic collection of branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR the implanted microplants of 14 raspberry varie-ties were transferred to study their viability in the field conditions and also to estimate them on a complex eco-nomic-valuable signs, resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors, peculiar to a foothill zone of the Republic of Adyghea. All collection specimens are studied on a complex of indexes: the condition of plants after the rewintering, observing for development phases, productivity and quality of berries, drought- and heat tolerance, resistance to fungi pathogens. Standard techniques of specimens assessment are used. After transfer of specimens in natural conditions of all culture tube plants showed good survival. To fall the length of shoots of Babie Leto, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Meteor, Rubinovaya, Solnishko, Sputnitsa varieties were more than 75 cm. The general condition of plants was estimated on 4-5 points. Test tube plants of raspberry replaced in natural conditions quite easily adapt, well grow and develop. It allows to study their morfo-biological characteristics, to reveal the valuable signs, and to estimate the degree of specimen`s adaptability to abiotic and biotic stress factors of the Southern zone of Russia.

Annotation

The modern market requires changing the assortment of raspberries to varieties that are more resistant to stress factors, high-yielding with high-quality berries. Breeding work in this regard is carried out mainly on materials from field gene banks, doublet in vitro and cryogenic collections. The problem of adaptation of test-tube plants during they transfer to natural environmental conditions is of interest. From the in vitro collection of VIR (St. Petersburg), the basic collection of the branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR was transferred the rooted micro-plants of 15 raspberry varieties in order to study their viability in the field, estimation of the complex of economically valuable traits, resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors characteristic of the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. In this report is described the characteristics of two-year-old ex vitro raspberry plants. All samples were studied according to a set of indicators. The state of the plants after overwintering was noted, the development phases were monitored, the yield and quality of the berries were taken into account, the drought and heat resistance, and the susceptibility to Septoria spot were evaluated. The methods of sample evaluation were generally accepted. Since the samples were transplanted into the natural environment, all test-tube plants have shown good survival rate. The condition of the raspberry samples after overwintering was estimated at 4.5-5.0 points. From the returned spring frosts (-3�-6 ºC) on the leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Bulgarski Rubin, damage up to 2 points was noted. Flowering and fruiting took place in the optimal time for 4-5 balls. The most active growth of new shoots (more than 2 m) was distinguished by the varieties Mandarin, �ulgarski Rubin, Cumberlend. Leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Solnishko, Sputnitsa were affected by Septoria spot. In the field conditions of the environment ex vitro raspberry varieties adapt quite easily, grow and develop well, which allows to study their morpho-biological characteristics, identify valuable physiological and biochemical signs, and assess the degree of adaptability of samples to adverse factors in the Southern zone of Russia.