Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Nenko Natalia
Articles in journal: (total 33)
Anatomo-morphological and physiologically-biochemical study of leaves of different varieties of Hibiscus Syrians in the conditions of summer period are conducted. The varieties, most adapted to the conditions of Krasnodar region, are revealed.
The purpose of this work is to carry out the assesment of apple varieties of various ploidy on physiological-biochemical and anatomic-morphological parameters for studying of adaptive mechanisms of an apple-tree stability to drought under the conditions of North Caucasus Region. For an assessment of degree of drought resistance of an apple-tree varieties the modern high-precision physiological and biochemical methods of research of a water metabolism, the content of protein, sugar, pigments (by means of a spectral method) and proline (by means of a capillary electrophoresis) are used as well as the methods of light microscopy. According to the obtained data of research ,which have been carried out in the contrast years on weather conditions, the Souz and the Rodnichok triploid varieties proved more drought-resistant in comparison with Rassvet, Fortuna, Erly Mac, Dayton diploids. The xeromorfic traits of the leaf sheet, the raised content of the water connected forms, sucrose and proline can serve as sientific-reasonable criteria of an assessment of drought resistance of apple-tree varieties. The obtained during research results convince that the increase in a ploidy of plants and creation of the triploid varieties can lead to receiving the more resistant plants under extreme conditions of the environment.
The questions of adaptative resistance of apple-tree varieties of various ecological-geographical origin to hydrothermal conditions of the winter and summer periods of plants development in the North Caucasian region of Russia are considered in the article. In the process of carried out research the comparative data characterized a physiological condition of apple-tree studied varieties during the winter and summer periods of 2013-2016 are obtained. The modern physiological-biochemical and anatomical-morphological methods of research with use of highly effective ana-lytical equipment are used in the work. It is noted that tree ploidy apple varieties of the Souys and the Rodnichok of native breeding, and also the diploidy varieties of the Aydared (USA) and Precubansko-ye (native breeding) in a winter time on physiological and biochemical parameters show themselves as high winter-hardy, in comparison with others studied varieties. It is shown that biochemical adaptation of apple varieties to a low-temperature stress is reached due to synthesis of the increased amount of proline, su-crose, the phenolcarbonic, chlorogenic, ABA acids and peroxidase. It is established that during the summer vegetative period of 2013-2016 the tree ploidy apple varieties of the Soues and the Rodnichok, and also the diploidy of Precubanskoye (all varieties of native breeding) have the best ability to adapt to a high-temperature stress and a drought, in comparison with other studied varieties. In the leaves of these apple varieties under the condition of summer extremal temperatures it is accumulated, more form of water, proline, sucrose and ABA, made the protective function, are accumulated. The adaptation features of plants revealed in the course of the research prove the necessity of use of potential opportunities of native apple varieties for breeding process as sources of signs of winter hardiness and drought resistance.
In the Anapa-Taman conditions (the summer period of 2014-2016) it is considered the questions of adaptation of various ecological and geographical origin grapes to abiotic and biotic stresses, and also the problem of formation mecha-nisms of their productivity. As a result of the carried out research the comparative data are obtained that characterizing a physiological condition of grapes plants when strengthening action of stressful factors. In the work the modern physiological and biochemical methods of research with the highly effective analytical equipment, and also methods of light microscopy have been used. The results of the carried out research have shown that the studied grapes varieties of various ecological and geographical origin under the influence of stressful factors made active the different systems and it is confirmed by change of key physiological and biochemical and anatomical and morphological indicators of plants. The various mechanisms of adaptation of the studied grapes varieties during vegetation to a drought and a high-temperature stress caused by their different ecological and geographical origin are revealed. The varieties with economical valuable properties perspective for use in the breeding and cultivation in the production orchards in the South of the Russian Federation are selected. In the process of studying of stability of grapes varieties to biotic stresses of the vegetation period it is established that at bigger content in the plants leaves of chlorogenic acid, that is metabolic precursor of a lignin and create of the adverse conditions for develop-ment of phytopathogens, the Crystal grapes are defected by mildew less, than plants of Krasnostop of AZOS and Dostoyny (Kcorrel. = 0,92). The high inverse correlation is revealed between intensity of development, percent of defeat of grapes plants by mildew and the content of chlorogenic acid in the leaves of grapes plants of the studied varieties (Kcorrel. = - 1).
The fertilizers significant by effect the vital functions, harvest and grapes quality. Microfertilizers and growth regulators influence the growth of shoots, laying of fruit organs, leaves mass of bushes and a harvest of grapes. These indicators allow to predict the orchards productivity. The purpose of research is to reveal the influence of the different modes of mineral nutrition with use of PoliMiks-Agro preparation the growth processes of Moldova table grapes, the laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences, resistance of plants to a drought, productivity and quality of berries juice in the conditions of Anapa-Taman zone of wine growing. The PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer has applicated before blossoming and during active growth of berries and in two weeks before maturing of grapes. It is established that fertilizers have positively affected the shoot's productivity, the fruitfulness of bushes of Moldova grapes increased for 3-15 % The ratio of the connected and free water in the plant tissues is an indicator of plant resistance to dehydration, and consequently, also its adaptability under the water stress conditions. The biggest ratio of the connected and free water in the leaves the option with triple processing of grapes plants is characterized. The reliable changes of orchards productivity under the influence of PoliMiks-Agro are established. In comparison with control the harvest increase from fertilizers effect has made 2,4-3,8 t/hectare. The harvest increase is maximum when fertilizers are using in the norm of 2 liter/hectare. The research has shown that under the influence of microfertilizers the sugar content in the berries juice have increased and acidity of juice have decreased. The best indicators of sugar content of Moldova grapes were when processing of PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer in three time, on 1 liter/hectare.