Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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The heritability of drought and heat resistance in combinations of various ecological and geographical groups of grapes was studied by phenotypic indicators. Varietiy combinations, which have inherited of drought and heat resistance from maternal line and combinations in which these traits have inherited primarily from paternal line, are presented

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A comparative study of adaptation processes to water stress of grape varieties of different origin was conducted. The basic protective function in the conditions of moisture deficiency of grape varieties performs the mechanism associated with the accumulation of the proline amino acid in the cells

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Under of diversity of soil-climatic conditions the abiotic factors act as limiting and they destabilize the system of growth and development of plants in a fruit agricenoses. The role of adaptation reactions of varieties of fruit crops increases under these conditions. The main purpose of research was the study of dynamics of metabolites of apple-tree varieties of Idared, Prikubanskoye, Ligol varieties on CK4 rootstock under the conditions of different moisture of spring and summer period, including the double use of special fertilizers in combination with growth regulators. In article the analysis of change of weather conditions in May-August is given; dynamics of fractional composition of water is studied. Data on dynamics of carbohydrates and the content of organic acids and phenolic compounds are presented. Products of sugars oxidation are researched, realization of reproductive function of apple-tree plants is analysed. At this stage of research it was defined that Idared and Prikubanskoye apple-trees differed in the highest and stable content of free water in the leaves during the period from June to August and the raised content of phenolic compounds that promotes stabilization of regulatory functions of plants. Rather high level of synthetic reactions is revealed at apple-trees of Idared, Prikubanskoye and Ligol when determining the dynamics of protein content, carbohydrates, ascorbic acid and organic acids. The responsiveness of apple-tree plants on leaves processings by water solutions of special fertilizers and regulators of growth is shown. On the basis of the data obtained in research the conclusion is made that the studied apple-tree varieties are suitable for creation of steady fruit agric cenosis under the conditions of the South of Russia.

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The purpose of research is development of scientific based system of processing methods of plum cultivation with steady big harvest on different rootstocks for intensive technologies that is the important instrument of import substitution; selection of optimal systems of crown formation for the concrete scion-rootstock's combinations that allows you to reduce the labor input of works, this system reduces the costs of harvesting and positively influences on the maximal realization of biological potential of plants. For conditions of the South of Russia the system of effective processing methods of industrial plum production on weak growing and middle growing rootstocks within the implementation of the Doctrine of food security of Russia is developed and approved. In research the rootstocks which are the most demanded in the South of Russia, including the new domestic breeding clonal rootstocks of BS-2 (VIR Krymsk station) and PKG-25-1 (NCRRIH&V) are used. In the course of four years' work the most rational parameters are determined and also the system of crown formation of trees of various growth force providing the optimization of physiological condition of plants. The responsiveness of various scion-rootstock's plum combinations of Stenly on intra soil and leaf top dressing is studied, the scheme of measures for protection of plants against vermins and diseases is offered. Efficiency of the offered system of processing methods is confirmed with increase in productivity of plantings on average for 2,7-4,4%, in comparison with the production technological scheme of plum cultivation accepted in the economy; decrease in prime cost of a unit of production by 2,6-6,7%; decrease in technogenic impact on the soil by 10-15%; receiving considerable additional profit (from 72,4 to 89,9 thousand rubles/hectare); increase in profitability of fruits production (for 7,73-12,9 %).

Annotation

In connection with climate change, it is necessary to improve the assortment of grapes adapted to the conditions of the south of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify physiological and biochemical indicators associated with the formation of protective reactions of various grape varieties to the effect of summer stressors; to identify adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region on the basis of them. Adaptive resistance of grapes to high temperatures was achieved by increasing the content of bound water and proline. It was found that the indicator of the ratio of bound water to free water, which determines the resistance to drought in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Kristall, Zarif, is higher than in other studied varieties and was 5.23-5.24 by the end of summer. The varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Aligote showed the maximum amounts of proline (52.41-66.14 μg/g raw weight), involved in the implementation of stress-protective mechanisms. Adaptive changes in water-soluble proteins and sugars played a decisive role in the formation of high-temperature stability in summer. A minimal decrease in the content of soluble proteins (by 1.3 times) during the summer was noted in the Dostoynyi and Kristall varieties, indicating their high adaptive ability. The unstable Aligote variety showed a maximum decrease in the content of soluble proteins by the end of summer (3.4 times). The Zarif variety showed the smallest changes in the content of soluble sugars (a decrease of 1.3 times), indicating increased adaptation to arid conditions. It was found that the induction of protective adaptive mechanisms is more pronounced in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, which proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the summer period 2019-2020.