Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The article reports the results of multi-year monitoring of zonal peculiarities of development of complex of diseases and pests on grapes plantations of the Crimea under the conditions of climate change, wide introduction of foreign grapevine planting material and significant change of the range of plant protection means. It has been established that the following pests and diseases are wide spread annually in all viticultural zones: downy mildew, powdery mildew, Botrytis cinerea, Lobesia botrana, thrips, Eriophyes vitis; focally develop Schizotetranychus pruni and Tetranychus urticae, Viteus vitifolii, bud pests (Otiorrhynchus spp., Theresia ampelophaga and others); while black rot, black spot, Alternaria spp. and Helicoverpa armigera are characterized by periodic injuriousness. Due to changes in the assortment of insecticides and acaricides applied in the vineyards we can observe the increase in sucking arthropod populations of planting: Eriophyes vitis Pgst., a complex of phytophagous thrips (Thripidae), leaf form of Phylloxera vastatrix. On the other hand, there was a decrease in the spread of spider mites (Tetranychidae). The decline in the level of agric and technical practices applied on industrial vineyards resulted in the tendency to accumulate the bud pests and pests that damage the perennial wood of grapes plants. In recent years the following invasive for the Crimea diseases and pests have progressively developed in the vineyards: Bois noir, leafhoppers (Stictocephala bubalus, Arboridia kakogawana, Scaphoideus titanus). It was found that the following identified aboriginal species of cycads pose have a potential hazard for the stable development of Crimean viticulture: Hyalestes obsoletus Sign., Hyalesthes luteipes Fieb., Reptalus melanochaetus Duf. They are capable to spread the phytoplasma infection.

Annotation

The grapes is a relatively drought-resistant plant, but in the very dry years it gives low yields of low sugar content and high content of acids in the berries juice, the vine is ripening poorly, the plants are mostly damaged by frost. Obtaining the high and stable yields of high quality, the increasing in the life of the vineyards is impossible without the use of irrigation. Against the background of global warming and a shortage of fresh water, there is a need for research in optimizing the water regime of orchards. Therefore, the study of the effect the irrigation on grape plants, the development of rational methods for irrigating vineyards, and regulating their water regime to obtain the high and high-quality yields is an urgent task. The purpose of these studies was to substantiate the use of drip irrigation in the vineyards of the Crimea. The study was carried out for more than 30 years on the experimental base of the Institute �Magarach� under the conditions of vegetative and lysimetric experiments and in the industrial vineyards of the Crimea. The vegetative, lysimetric, agrobiological, analytical and statistical research methods were used. The impact of weather and irrigation regimes and methods on grape plant condition and vine harvest parameters in conditions of Crimea was analyzed. Data analysis on annual precipitation showed that almost every second year is arid on the South coast of Crimea. Temperature data analysis showed an increase in the average monthly air temperatures as compared to multi-year average. Study demonstrated that drip irrigation helps to increase in productivity of grapes by 1,5-3 times and to improve the harvest quality. Drip irrigation helps to save from 20 to 80 % of water as compared to other irrigation methods.