Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Petrov Valeri
Articles in journal: (total 85)
The task of the research was to examine and identify the vegetation characteristics of interspecific grapes hybrids in the year cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and production. Comparative study of interspecific grapes varieties showed that in the year cycle of ontogenesis in the agrical and ecological conditions of the South of Russia the dates of the beginning and duration of phases of their vegetation have a wide range - from early to late timing of maturation. It is shown that the duration of the vegetation period of grapes plants closely based on the biological characteristics of the environment and temperature conditions of growth. On the basis of conducted research the grapes varieties with the shortest growing season (from 140 to 150 days) and with the longer period of growing (from 156 to 168 days) are revealed. It is established that the duration of the growing season varies from year to year in dependence of their reaction on the changing weather conditions. The December, Avgustin and Pervenets of Magarach grapes have the most stable period of vegetation. These varieties are the most resistant to changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The Vostorg, the Original and the Zory of Anapa grapes have the greatest range of variation in the duration of the growing season, depending on weather conditions. These varieties are the most sensitive to the changes under the environmental conditions of growth. The closest correlation of the growing season duration of the most studied grapes varieties is established from the average daily air temperature during the period from bud open to physiological maturity of berries. It is shown, that the correlation between the duration of growing period of grapes plants and sum of active air temperature are average and high.
The modern concept of stable grapes production is based on the strategy of formation of steady agric cenosis with use of biotic and abiotic potential of high-adaptive varieties. The main harmful organisms in the vineyards of the South of Russia are mildew, anthranose, a bacterial cancer and others. At the defeat process of plants they break their growth processes, reduce the biological and economical efficiency and reduce the operation term of grapes plantings. Therefore there is the high need for grapes varieties steady against biotic and abiotic factors of environment. The purpose of this work is selection of genotypes steady against chronic diseases for use in breeding and industrial production. Research of influence of a phytosanitary condition of vineyards on growth and fruitage of V. Vinifera grapes varieties of different origin groups is carried out in the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea zone of wine growing (Anapa). The objects of study five groups of grapes varieties of different ecological and geographical origin are used. The monitoring of phytosanitary status of grapes plants during their vegetation is carried out using the methods of estimation of grapes varieties resistance to the dominant harmful organisms. It is established that under abnormal weather conditions the greatest resistance to a bacterial cancer and an infectious chlorosis have the intraspecific hybrids; next in the decreasing order the Convar orientalis Negr follow. (East Asian), Convar pontica Negr. (coasts of the Black Sea), Convar occidentalis Negr. (West European) are followed. The variation of degree of varieties resistance to harmful organisms is also observed within each group. It is shown that the level of productivity of grapes bushes is in the close negative dependence from degree of plants defeat by mildew.
The results of assessment of embryonic fruitfulness at new table grape varieties of domestic breeding are presented. The level of embryonic fruitfulness of different varieties considerably differs, despite of identical conditions of growth environment. Considering the significant influence of biological features and also environment conditions on laying of embryonic inflorescences and yielding of plantings, the task is to establish the regularities of embryonic inflorescences formations and to optimize the cutting length of shoots for the table varieties of Akello, Hamlet, K.M. Dubovsky, Dubovsky Red. Studying of embryonic fruitfulness was carried out on the vineyards growing under agroecological conditions of continental climate of the Volgograd Region. Selection of shoots and the assessment of embryonic fruitfulness of the wintering buds were carried out in the period of deep physiological dormancy of plants by a microscope in NCFSCHVW laboratory. The regularity of making and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences of the studied grape varieties and also the differentiation indicators of coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness on length of shoots, as well as the adaptive potential of varieties under the stressful conditions of 2018 is determined. The highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness and also adaptive potential under the conditions of temperature and water stressor have had Akello and Hamlet grapes. Akello had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness, the highest embryonic productivity was observed in a zone of 6-7 wintering buds. For maintaining the maximum economic efficiency of grapes the optimum length of shoots pruning for Akello after stressful conditions of vegetation has to be 8 eyes. The Hamlet grapes had the highest rates of fructification and fruitfulness in a zone of 3 wintering buds. The pruning length of shoots has to be 4 buds. At variety K.M. Dubovsky and Dubovsky Red was observed a low adaptive potential under conditions of high-temperature and water stresses. To establish the optimum length of shoots pruning of these varieties the research will be continued.
The aim of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of the Riesling Rhine grape variety on the basis of the evaluation of growth processes activity, the laying of generative organs in the central buds of wintering grape buds, the ways of placing and keeping the bushes. It is necessary to study the biological properties of a grape plant, since without this knowledge, it is difficult to purposefully influence the functional activity of plants to obtain a crop of the required quality. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the field experiment on the basis of AZESViW (Anapa city). Objects of research: the technical middle growing of Riesling Rhine grape variety, and regulations for bushes keeping. The field stationar methods and laboratory methods were used. The article presents the results of revealing the agrobiological features of the studied grape variety under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia on the basis of studying the intensity of growth processes, the formation of generative organs and ways of locating and maintaining bushes in the vine plantations. As a result of research carried out the patterns of change in growth processes, the productivity of the Riesling Rhine and the quality of products under the influence of different methods of grape plants planting are revealed. More active growth and high leaf cover of shoots were observed in plantations with three-meter rows. It is shown that the productive zone of shoots is in the range of 2-5 internodes irrespective of the planting scheme. This biological feature of the variety should be taken into account when the selection of the method of bushes pruning. The quality of the experienced wine materials was quite high (tasting score from 7.8 to 8.0 points). The samples with the scheme of bushes planting of 3,52,0; 3,01,5 and 3,01,0 m were the best.
This article presents an analysis of the grape genetic resources at the global and Russian levels. In many countries of the world, the national programs for the conservation and use of plant genetic resources are developed and implemented. The work provides the information on the formation of common approaches to the use of existing bioresource collections in Russia and the creation of a unified information system. In addition, the results of the work on preserving the gene pool of grapes at the Anapa experimental station of viticulture and winemaking over the past two years are shown. A comparative analysis of the quantitative ratio of grape varieties growing in the other ampelographic collections is given. In particular, according to the number of samples, the Anapa ampelographic collection is the largest collection of grapes in Russia, in which there are the samples from thirty-two collections belonging to eighteen states of the world. Every year, the collection is replenished with an average of ten varieties. A comprehensive study of them is necessary to identify the patterns of adaptive reactions of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin to changing conditions of the growing season and the selection of donors and sources of breeding-valuable traits for use in the breeding. That is the preservation of the collect grape gene pool is a certain difficulty in connection with the different adaptive ability of the varieties under the other soil and climatic conditions that differ from the conditions of the previous cultivation. In this regard, this article provides the information on the relaying of the largest ampelographic collection in Russia, in which it is planned to replenish the gene pool of grapes with Kuban wild-growing forms that are of interest in the breeding.