Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The necessity of developing a mechanism for managing the sustainability of agroecosystems with the participation of grape agrocenoses is substantiated. Negative manifestations of chemical-technogenic intensification factors leading to bioresource deformation in ampelocenoses (violation of the rationality of nature management and sustainability of agroecosystems) and a decrease in the efficiency of production were revealed: increased resistance of pathogens to the chemical preparations used, which causes an increase in the frequency of treatments, an increase in the costs of purchased plant protection products, a decrease in yield; an increase in the anthropogenic load leads to an increase in the volume of mechanized work, a decrease in soil biogenicity; a decrease in the immune status of plants causes a decrease in the potential productivity of plantings. A mechanism for managing the ecological and economic sustainability of agroecosystems is proposed, which is based on a set of formalized principles and requirements reflecting the specifics of organized reproduction processes, and digital technologies based on long-term empirical databases and modern methods of biologization. The technological and economic efficiency of methods and methods of biologization of production and technological processes in industrial viticulture based on the use of living organisms, their systems, products of their vital activity in solving technological problems is calculated, allowing not only to restore the bioresource potential of agrocenosis achieved by chemical and technogenic methods of intensification, but also to form higher reproductive capabilities of agroecocenosis, having a significant reserve of plasticity potential, providing system-wide stability.

Annotation

The norm of the reaction of phenotypic signs � the number of bunches, the average mass of the bunch and the yield � of Riesling Rhenish grape variety to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The research was carried out in agroecological conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the second subzone (Ch2) in the Krasnodar region. Soils are ordinary chernozems. The research covers the period from 2014 to 2020. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of the number of bunches was most strongly influenced by the average annual air temperature (r = -0.67) and by the average air temperature for the growing season (r = -0.65), by annual precipitation (r = 0.72) and by total precipitation for the growing season (r = 0.66). The average mass of a grape bunch depended most on the total precipitation during the growing season (r = 0.75). The grape yield correlates with the average annual and minimum air temperature in the medium (r = -0.55) and weak (r = -0.43) degrees. The lower Threshold of the modification variability of the number of grape bunches was equal to 42 pcs./bush, the average mass of the bunch was 78 g., the upper, respectively, was 61 pcs./bush and 131 g., the reaction norm was 19 pcs./bush and 53 g. The wide reaction Norm indicates the predominant influence of the environment compared to the genotype on the variability of phenotypic traits � the number of bunches and the average mass of the bunch. The lower threshold of the modification variability of the grape yield against the background of varying weather conditions was 4.3, the upper � 5.6 kg/bush. The reaction norm is 1.34 kg/bush. The narrow modification variability of the grape yield indicates its dependence on the genotype of the Riesling Rhenish grape variety.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the study of the embryonic fruitfulness of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties. The work was carried out in the Central agroecological zone of the Krasnodar region in 2020 and 2021. The average air temperature from May to September in 2020 was +22.0 ºC, in 2021 � +21.7 ºC. During the embryonic inflorescence formation, the average temperature in 2020 was +22.1 ºC, in 2021 � +20.2 ºC. The maximum air temperature during this period in 2020 was +35 ºC, in 2021 � +32 ºC. In 2020, 56.9 and 55.1 % of the buds of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties contained embryonic inflorescences, 10.3 % and 14.8 % of the buds had two or more inflorescences, 5.6 % and 2 % were dead, respectively. The coefficient of embryonic fruitfulness k1 in both varieties was the same, 0.63, the coefficient of fruitfulness k2 was 1.15 in the Viktor variety, 1.1 � in the Gurman Kraynova variety. In 2021, with a decrease in the average and maximum air temperature by 1.9 and 3 ºC relative to 2021, the proportion of fruitful buds in the Gurman Kraynova variety decreased to 51.6 %, with two or more inflorescences increased to 24.2 %. In the Viktor variety, the values of both indicators increased to 71.4 % and 33.3 %, respectively. The fruitfulness coefficient k1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety has hardly changed, in the Viktor variety it has grown to 0.95. The fruitfulness coefficients k2 were 1.24 and 1.33, respectively. The Gurman Kraynova variety has the most productive zone on the shoot from 5 to 10 buds, the Viktor variety � from 4 to 8. For the Gurman Kraynova variety, pruning of shoots for 10-11 buds is recommended for the harvest of 2022, for the Viktor variety � for 8-9 buds.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of agrobiological evaluation of new table hybrid forms of grapes under the stressful agroecological conditions of the Volgograd Region. The research was carried out using the modern field research methods under atypical weather conditions in 2019. As the object of research, the hybrid forms of table grapes were used: Agat Dubovsky, Akello, Arabella, Artek, Valencia, Hamlet, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovsky, Courage, Timothy. These hybrids have high taste characteristics and organoleptic properties. They give a good harvest even in adverse years, and have the signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors for the unstable and stressful climate of the South of Russia. Under unstable weather conditions of 2019 in the Volgograd Region, these hybrid forms were distinguished by the main indicators of productivity: Agat Dubovsky, Courage and Valencia. These hybrids were selected by increased indicators of fruiting coefficients and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index and yield capacity. The manifestation of high agrobiological characteristics of these hybrids in stressful weather and climate conditions was primarily facilitated by their high adaptive potential. For the same conditions of Vogograd Region, the hybrids with low indicators of fruiting and fruitfulness coefficients, productivity index, and yield were identified, among which the Akello and Hamlet were noted. Positive and negative agrobiological characteristics, as well as adaptive potential of the grape hybrid forms under study, should be considered as preliminary in relation to atypical agroecological conditions in 2019. For more knowledges and in-depth conclusions, the research will continue.

Annotation

As a result of studies of the myological composition of the ampelocenoses soils with a different content system, in 2019, eight genera of soil micromycetes (Mucor, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Vertecillium) were isolated. Soil microbiota was found to differ depending on the season and soil keeping system. The greatest variety of micromycetes was noted in the variants with the additional introduction of organic substances. In the spring, the species of the Trichoderma sp. genus dominated in the complex of isolated soil fungi with a soil system � sodding and black fallow + organic fertilizers. In the version with a black fallow soil system in the spring, the dominant species were the species of the genus Penicillium sp. and Trichoderma sp oreover, the species of Trichoderma sp. was isolated only in the soil layer of 15-30 cm. In the summer, in the variants Sodding and black fallow + organic fertilizers, the species composition of soil micromycetes expanded, while the frequency of occurrence of the Trichoderma sp. species, dominated in spring, in the 0-15 cm layer was only 2,6%, and in the layer of 15-30 cm this species was not isolated. The fungus of the Trichoderma genus in the version with a black fallow soil + organic fertilizer system retained their dominant position, but their number decreased by 1.6 times. In the variant, black fallow in the soil layer of 0-15 cm the fungi of the Penicillium sp. genus dominates preserved, and in a layer of 15-30 cm, the composition was rearranged, to domination the genus Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. species.