Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the South of Russia, one of the most promising direction of apple tree breeding is the creation of high-quality varieties, immune and resistant to scab, which are the basis of domestic biological resources of culture under the import substitution conditions. The purpose of this research is the search, mobilization and conservation of the apple genetic resources for study, conservation and use of the biodiversity of cultivated plant forms in breeding and production. The study were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and variety study. Objects of research are the apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. The following parameters were studied: early ripening, weak growth, regular fruiting, yield, resistance to the main fungal pathogens (scab and powdery mildew), fruit quality, including large fruiting. As a result of carried out research 9 genetic varieties of the apple tree (Retinda, Reakta, Remo, Resi, Retina, Resista, ZIVG-198, Nesterova's Memory, Stella) were stored and they replenished the genetic apple collection. The brief characteristic of these varieties is given. The valuable apple genotypes of different ploidy are distinguished: the sources of early fruit bearing and weak growth, and winter hardiness, combining the immunity to scab with high field resistance to powdery mildew, and also with late blossom (allowing to avoid the spring frosts). In the course of the research work, the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of the apple tree have been identified. Two new donors of immunity to scab are created in NCFSCHVW together with All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding � elite form of 12 / 1-21-12 and Granatovoe variety (from the family Aidared x Balsgard 0247E) � fast fruit bearing, drought-resistant, yielding, with fruits of high quality and winter ripening.

Annotation

In the process of apple varieties selection for intensive cultivation technology the very important are the characteristics of variety efficiency, including growth vigor and crown volume of a tree as well as the high rates of adaptability, productivity and high quality of fruits, at the same time the preference is given to dwarf varieties or to varieties with a middle growth vigor. Assessment and selection of apple varieties with the specified signs were the purpose of our work. The programs and techniques of selection and variety study of fruit crops are used in a work. The research was carried out in the field and laboratory experiments. The objects of research are apple-tree genotypes (Malus x domestica Borkh) of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the article the results of studying of apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the Institute collection are presented. The studied varieties are divided into three groups: dwarf, below than average and average height of trees. All colon forms of the Belarusian breeding have the weak growth vigor and compact crown (from 0,18 to 0,46 m3), but in the same time they have insufficient quality of fruits for the Southern zone of gardening. The apple varieties of Piros, Elisa, Topaz, etc. are in the group of the trees below average height, their growth vigor varies from 2,2 m (Piros) to 2,4 m (Topaz). Height of trees of average growth vigor � from 2,55 m (Honey Cris-pus) to 2,75 m (Blagovest). The growth vigor of the apple krebs studied in the experience varies from 1,7 m (Krasnopolosatoye) to 1,9 m (Kitayka Malinovaya), and crown volume � from 0,2 m3 (Krasnopolosatoye) to 0,92 m3 (Dolgo). For use in the breeding and for creation of intensive orchards the perspective dwarf apple varieties with compact crown and blend fructifica-tion are revealed.

Annotation

The purpose of this work was the search, mobilization and preservation of genetic apple-tree resources for studying and use of biodiversity of forms of cultural plants in a breeding process and production. The objects of research were the genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the process of scientific-research work the breeding programs and techniques including the techniques developed with participation of research associates of the Center of breeding of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticultural and Viticulture were used. The preservation and replenishment of genetic collection by new varieties and perfect forms of an apple-tree were the result of carried our research. The valuable genotypes of an apple-tree of different ploidy are selected: there are the sources of signs of fast bearing and dwarf vigor and high adaptation to a drought. The selected genotypes combine the immunity to a scab with high field resistance to mildew, as well as with the late term of blossoming that allow plants to avoid the damages by spring frosts. In the process of research work we have selected 2 new donors of immunity to a scab (12/1-21-25 and 12/2-21-65), and also the valuable sources of the main agrobiological signs of an apple-tree. The elite form 12/2-20-39 is selected as a source of fruit big size taking into accounts the long-term observations. The elite forms and new apple varieties with Vf genome are rather perspective for active use in a breeding when consecutive backcrossing process with highly productive varieties, possessing the high commercial characteristics of fruits, but susceptible to a scab, for receiving of high-quality, adaptive, immune to a scab apple-tree genotypes of new generation

Annotation

One of the most important indicators of apple varieties is a quality of fruit. This indicator is determined of varietal specific features, genetic origin of plants, ploidy, and also by meteorological conditions during growing and maturation of fruits, and by the level of agricultural technology and the cultivation region. The objects of our research are varieties and apple crabs of domestic and foreign selection. Apple crabs were obtained from the Maikop Experimental Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant growing, they are a valuable initial material for breeding. Evaluation of fruit quality was carried out for apple varieties and elite forms, selected on a complex of valuable agrobiological signs. The article presents data on the evaluation of fruits quality of 10 varieties and 12 apple crabs from the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the conditions of the North Caucasus Region. The research were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties study of fruit crops. Varieties and forms of apple trees on the fruit shape are divided into three groups: oblong, round and flat-round. The sources of large-fruit are selected � varieties and elite forms of apple trees: triploids (2n = 3x = 51) of the summer ripening period: Yunona, Soyuz, 44-24-49, 44-24-42-yu, autumn ripening � Nocturne; winter ripening � Jonagold Prince, Red Jonagold, 44-30-45-v; diploids (2n = 2x = 34) of the autumn ripening � Honey Crisp, Auvil Earley, Lubava, Carmen, Fregat, 29-4-110; winter ripening varieties � Cameo, Linda, Adams Red Delicious and others. As a result of study carried out, it has been established that ploidy have a significant effect on the sign of large-fruit of summer apple cultivars; and at varieties of autumn and winter ripening the ploidy and varietal specific features influence that sign.

Annotation

The purpose of these study is to identify and the create promising high-quality vari-eties and forms of apple trees of domestic and foreign breeding with a complex of valuable agrobiological signs for the formation of nature-like, resource-saving plantations. According to the results of year�s research, the high-quality apple elite forms of NCFSCHVW breeding and joint breeding of NCFSCHVW and All-RRIFCB with oligogenic and polygenic type of scab resistance and promising varieties for use in the production of foreign and domestic breeding have been identified. Study were carried out according to generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple genotypes of different ploidy and genetic origin. Based on the assessment of the complex of the main economic characteristics as early ripening, yield, fructification stability, scab resistance, quality and standard of fruits, the most promising varieties and forms of apple trees were selected for involvement in the breeding process and use in the production. A brief description of new elite forms with oligogenic (18/1-14-35) and polygenic (12/1-20-76) type of scab resistance is given in the article. For industrial cultivation, apple varieties are selected: Cameo, Granatovoe, Auvil Erli. Their brief description and estimated indicators of the economic efficiency of these varieties cultivation (sales profit � from 442.8 to 550.2 thousand rubles / ha; profitability � from 16.9 to 29.7 pp) is presented. The attention is fixed that the high rates of economic efficiency of these varieties cultivation are due to the most optimal combination of the complex of the most important economic traits: as fast fruitage, high yield, fruiting stability, high quality and standard of fruits, and for Granatovoe variety � due to immunity to scab additionally.