Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The introduction of high-value technical varieties and progressive technologies of cultivation to produce high-quality raw materials for the production of dry and dessert vintage wines is an urgent task of the viticulture of the Daghestan Republic. New grapes varieties should have the ecological plasticity, suitability for mechanization of labor-consuming pro-cesses of caring for a bush, and to have a high quality of the crop, including an increased content of biologically valuable substances. The purpose of this research work is to expand the conveyor of varieties and to replenish the assortment of grapes with new technical varieties, which can serve as a raw material for the production of high quality wines, capable to replace the imported wine materials. The article gives the botanical, agrobiological and economic technological characteristics of the new technical Fioletta grapes at its cultivation under the ecological conditions of Southern Daghestan. Fioletta is a new technical grapes variety of the Daghestan selection testing station for viticulture and horticulture, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture and Wine-making" breeding. The Fioletta variety was obtained by crossing of Gimra and Asyl Kara varieties. It differs from parental forms by the color and intensity of the berry coloring, thin skin, high sugar accumulation and very juicy pulp. Fioletta belongs to the group of varieties of the average maturation period. The grapes of this variety are used for the preparation of red table wines and juices. The introduction of the Fioletta grapes into production will serve as a good base for the formation of grape assortment with increased resistance to fungal diseases and vermins, winter and frost resistance, and will contribute to the expansion of the assortment of qualitative Russian wines, including ter-roir wines.

Annotation

The purpose of this work is to determine the inheritance of genotypic traits and phenotypic features in the posterity of indigenous Daghestan grape varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara, using as the example a new search was carried out with grape varieties from the Ampelographic collection of the Daghestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture: as Gimra (Tavalinsky Ranniy), Asyl Kara (Kizlyar Cherny) and a new variety of Fioletta (Gimra � Asyl Kara). The culture of the grapes is on own roots and with use of irrigation. In the process of research the next methods were used: field study of phenological, morphological and biological features and phases of varieties development; the statistical variational analysis with determination of the reliability of the results; the laboratory method in which the genotyping of grape varieties was carried out by the following SSR-marker: VVS2, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVMD5, VrZAG62, VrZAG79. As a control for molecular analysis the Cabernet- Sauvignon was used in our work. The article presents the phenotypic features and DNA-passports of indigenous Daghestan varieties of Gimra and Asyl Kara and a new hybrid form obtained by hybridization of these varieties, named Fioletta, of the DSTSV&H breeding. The genetic commonality of the origin of the indigenous grape varieties studied, and the features of inheritance of phenotypic and genetic traits from parental forms are shown. It is noted in the article that the obtained DNA- passports of varieties can be effectively used to determine the clean varieties of planting material and grapes plantations of these varieties, and to determine the genetic proximity to one or another variety in the parent pair, and for the clarification of the parental forms of the sample, and also for the disputed questions of the authorship of the variety.

Annotation

The aim of this work was to study the effect of prospective in viticulture growth regulators on some morpho-anatomical and biochemical characteristics of grape berries to establish the prospects of their use for improving of transportability and keeping quality of grape products in case of prolonged storage. The novelty of our research is the fact that for the first time given a comprehensive assessment of the influence of growth regulators with different mechanisms of action on the stability of the grapes during transportation and storage is given and the mechanisms to improve the transportability and the keeping quality of grapes production under influence of the tested growth reg-ulators are identified. This article presents the results of studying of promising plant growth regulators influence the anatomical, morphological and biochemical parameters of berries of late ripening grapes varieties, cultivated in the soil-climatic conditions of Daghestan. Research work was carried out at the production-experimental base of Dagestan experimental breeding station of viticulture and horticulture (Derbent). It is revealed the increase of the mechanical firm of the berries, the thickness of the skin and its share in the composition of the berries, the reducing of the respiration rate and mass loss of the berries after harvesting and during storage of grapes. The mechanical properties of berries are improved by treatment with gibberellin and by a mixture dropp and mival. The combined use of gibberellin with dropp and mival enhances the effect of drugs and makes it the most effective. The results of our research showed that the application of growth regulators on seed table grapes to improve the mechanical properties of the berries and bunches are very promising. Studied in the experiment preparations are proposed to be included in the technologies of table grapes production, intended for transportation and prolonged storage.

Annotation

In the structure of modern grapes plantations in the Republic of Daghestan the economical characteristic of the vine plants resistance to adverse environmental cultivation conditions, and to diseases and pests is particularly important. The aim of our work is the genetic breeding of highly productive grapes varieties of various using, phylloxera-resistant and resistant to fungal diseases and adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of growing region. The objective of this study was to investigate the resistance to fungal diseases and pests of the grapes seedlings (hybrid forms) of new selection of DSTSVH. Research work was carried out on the experimental basis of Daghestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture in a collection of varieties and forms. Primary study of hybrid seedlings was carried out according to the M. lazarevskiy method. The results of our study show the expediency of using in the step and inter hybrid crosses between highly productive and local adapted grapes varieties as the female parent. On the hard infectious background, without protective measures, the grapes genotypes resistant to environmental conditions and biotic stresses are selected. It is noted, that advisable to use in the breeding process of new varieties creating of the local adaptive grapes varieties and the new varieties with valuable signs significant in the breeding. With using of varieties � donors of stability and step inter hiybrid crossings it is possible to increase in the resistance of grapes plants to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The results of our research have shown that as donors of resistance to mildew and phylloxera the use of Antey Magarachsky, Pervenets Magaracha and Moldova varieties are promising.

Annotation

The purpose of these study is the development of regulations for the use of plant growth regulators to accelerate ripening and improve the quality of grape varieties of Dagestan breeding. The object of research is the perspective grapes seed varieties of breeding of Dagestan Selection Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture. Long-term research (1985-1999) on the influence of various physiologically active substances the development of generative organs of seed grapes varieties made it possible to develop the elements of technology for their use to produce seedless grape berries, and to accelerate the ripening and increase in the sugar accumulation in the berries. Some elements of the technology were tested in the production conditions of Dagestan. In this article, the results of research on the practical application of growth regulators on promising grapes seed varieties of DSTSV&H are presented. The mechanism of growth regulators action on the ripening of berries and sugar accumulation is presented. It is substantiated the promising, expediency and practical significance of the use of growth regulators to obtain the seedless production of seed varieties for example of classical and new varieties, that allow to obtain a crop with a higher sugar content at earlier periods. The study of practical application of growth regulators for promising seed grapes varieties of DSTSV&H breeding in the field conditions have been revealed their positive effect on bunch mass, which increased significantly in some varieties. Based on the results of carried out research, it was conjectured that varieties having in the genealogy the Agadai grapes in the maternal form are more promising for obtaining the high-quality seedless products with high commercial and economic value.