Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Yakuba Galina
Articles in journal: (total 18)
The intensive production of fruits, directed on obtaining of stable and high-quality crops, causes the necessity to increase the resistance of cultivars to diseases. Under the modern conditions of rapid climat change, caused by anthropogenic, including agricultural environmental contamination, the protective and adaptive characteristics of the plants are reducing, and this factor determines the need to obtain the varieties of fruit crops adapted to a wide range of changing external conditions both abiotic and biotic. The article presents the data of early apple seedling selection for resistance to the two apple-tree dominant fungal infections: to scab under artificial infestation and to powdery mildew on a natural background. The object of research is the hybrid apple seedlings resulting from deliberate crossbreeding of K15461 sample of MOSVIR collection, that is relatively steady to both pathogens, with the susceptible Fuji cultivar. In 36% of the samples a scab lesions were not identified, 39% of the seedlings are resistant to a powdery mildew, according to the two years of the evaluation. 3 seedlings showed the resistance to the two pathogens, their share is 11 %. The evaluation of the plant also on complex features "cultivation" made it possible to identify the most of them as significant for breeding. The obtained results indicate a high prospect of using of K15461, as well as hybrid plants obtained in the combination of crossing of K15461 × Fuji, as donors of resistance to scab and powdery mildew. The hybrid seedlings can be used for study directed to the identification and mapping of new genes for resistance of apple plants to these pathogens.
Krasnodar Region is one of the main regions of the Russian Federation on production of fruits and berries. Defeat of fruit crops by fungal diseases belongs to the factors limiting the orchards yield capacity and of production standard. The activator of mildew Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm. is in the group of the dominating pathogens capable to cause essential losses of apple harvest. The spreading and inju-riousness of mildew are defined by the variety's susceptibility degree, weather conditions of plants vegetation, especially during the periods of the greatest susceptibility of an apple-tree to a disease, and also by a complex of the protective measures carried out in the fruit orchards. Due to the increase in frequency of stressful weather situations in the Southern region of Russia the urgent direction of research is definition of protection features of apple-tree orchards against mildew under the changing weather conditions. The changes in the bio-ecological features of powdery mildew pathogen of apple trees in the Krasnodar Region connected with a climate changes are identified by research of 2011-2015. The tendency of increase in the intensity of infection and the tendency of increase in the pathogen populations quantity at less responsive and resistant apple varieties are marked. It is shown that with increasing in number of stressful weather conditions the using of the resistant varieties to powdery mildew is not the main economically significant way to control the disease. It is proved that the creation of the apples protection against powdery mildew should take into account the damage of trees by environment stress-factors. To prevent the explosive epiphytoties it is necessary to carry out the whole complex of the protective measures not only in the highly responsive varieties, but also in all groups of resistance varieties to disease.
Since 2014, transformations of mycopathocenoses in the plantations of fruit crops in the South of Russia have been revealed: an acceleration in the epiphytoties of dominant phytopathogens, an increase in the number and prevalence of previously rare species, and the appearance of epiphytoties hotbed caused by their diseases. These data indicate a violation of the phytosanitary stability of apple and plum agrocenoses in the Krasnodar Region. The violation is caused by a change in the basic meteorological parameters of the climate, an increase in the frequency of occurrence of extreme weather conditions. In this regard, the development of parametric models of phytosanitary resistant of fruit crops in agrocenoses is actual field of research. The studies were carried out using the laboratory analysis methods, field experiments, routing examinations, and comparative analysis. As a methodological base, we used the methodological tools for optimizing reproduction processes developed at the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making Laboratory of Economics. As a result of the research carried out, the main trends in the formation of the functional structure of mycopathcomplexes of apple and plum plantings in the Krasnodar Territory were revealed. Methodological approaches to the creation of parametric models for ensuring the stability of agrocenoses of apple and plum trees based on adaptive management of the phythosanitary state of these crops orchards have been developed. The system of indicators that determine the functioning of the mycoses pathogen complex is estimated. An algorithm of study the transformations of apple and plum mycopathocenoses under changing environmental conditions has been developed. A system of diagnostic indicators for assessing the phythosanitary stability of fruit agrocenoses and scientifically based the principles for managing apple and plum agrocenoses under conditions of increased abiotic and anthropogenic impacts taken place last time in the Krasnodar Region are proposed.
The results of evaluation of microbiological preparations efficiency of SSO A-RSRI of oil crops manufacturing and elements of technology of application for apple varieties of different degree of field stability to scab are adduced.
The results of joint researches NCRRIH&V and Institute of Fruit Growing (Belarus) on ecological test of apple varieties of Belarus selection in the conditions of Krasnodar territory are presented in the article.