Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the scientific institutions of different countries, purposeful selection work is carried out to improve the assortment of rootstocks, to study their adaptive capabilities, and to identify donors and origins of selection-significant features. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE �Institute for Fruit Growing� (Belarus) the apple rootstocks of the St serie of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making and the Stavropol Experimental Station on Horticulture, a branch of the North Caucasus Federal Research Center breeding are testing. The article presents the results of the assessment of economic and biological peculiarity of 4 forms of St serie Apple rootstocks in the rootstocks uterine plantings in 2016-2018. Planting scheme is 1.4 x 0.3 m., the plot is not irrigated. The analysis of the main meteorological indicators � the temperature regime during the growing season, the amount of precipitation � indicates of their contrasting nature in the years of research. It allowed us to objectively carry out the comparative assessment of plant studied development. According to the results of the assessment of winter hardiness in the field, the absence of significant damage to plants was noted. Preliminary results on the data of the beginning and ending of plants vegetation, the assessment of thermal territory resources over the years of research show that the heat supply and duration of periods with an average daily air temperature above 5, 10 ºC correspond to the biological needs of the studied clonal rootstocks of the St serie. Based on the results of assessment of biometric indicators (shoot-forming ability, plant height, degree of branching, aging, rooting), the rootstock of St 19-5 was selected, which is characterized by the best indicators in the Belarus. According to the results of studies carried out in the Krasnodar at high temperatures against the background of drought in the summer growing season, St 18-3 rootstocks in 2015 and St 19-5 in 2017 were identified as origin of productivity and layers standard in the maternal rootstocks plantings.

Annotation

The rootstocks that are highly productive and resistant to adverse environmental factors are one of the basic elements for constructing the modern intensive technologies for fruit crops cultivation. The rootstocks that are maximally adapted to climatic conditions are required, which can provide a high reliability and productivity of the garden. Of greatest interest are genotypes with a wide range of cultivation, this indicates a high biopotential of plants. The main goal of the work was to study the economically valuable traits of a number of clonal rootstocks for plum-tree, including the rootstocks of joint breeding of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making and the Stavropol Experimental Station of Horticulture during their cultivation under different ecological and geographical conditions in the Minsk Region (Belarus) and in the Prikuban gardening zone of the Krasnodar Territory (Russia). As a result of the studies, the influence of the soil-climatic conditions of the cultivation zones on the economically valuable indicators of rootstocks was revealed. The shoot formation ability of uterine bushes, the level of branching, and the clasterosporium affection o f annual shoots of VPK-1, BBA-1, Spring Flame, Speaker, PK SK 1 (PKG 25/1), PK SK 2 (PKG13 / 1) rootstocks were assessed. Their degree of rooting with green cuttings is estimated. The PK SK 1 and PK SK 2 rootstocks were identified according to the productivity of uterine-orchards in two studied zones. These rootstocks can be used in breeding as origin of drought resistance and heat resistance. They have a high percentage of rooting by green and lignified cuttings. According to the set of positive characteristics the rootstocks of SK 1 and SK 2 were allocated to the elite in 2018 and 2020, they were patented and were entered into the State Register of selection achievements of Russia.

Annotation

Apricot and peach are very valuable food products, especially apricot, which contains not only sugars, but also a large amount of carotene (up to 16 mg/100 g), phosphorus � 23 mg/kg and potassium � 259 mg/kg. The fruit contains many phenolic compounds (ferulic, n-coumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic and other acids), flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, isoquercitrin and others), vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, C, catechins, aromatic components. The stone contains amino acids, the enzyme emulsin, fatty oils, consisting of linoleic, oleic acids, glycerides. At the same time, there are practically no industrial plantings of these crops in Belarus. And one of the reasons is the lack of planting material that can guarantee the producers a stable yield. It is required to develop methods for express assessment of the compatibility of rootstocks and grafts. The article presents the results of a study of 24 graft-rootstock combinations of apricot and peach in a nursery (2019-2020) for a number of biochemical parameters characterizing the physiological state of plants and, as a consequence, the compatibility of the rootstock and graft at the stage of growing planting material in a fruit nursery. The content of RNA and DNA (using a set of reagents �ArtRNAminiSpin�) and their ratio for 4 clonal rootstocks and 24 graft-rootstock combinations of peach and apricot were determined, on the basis of which the coefficients of compatibility were calculated, which made it possible to distinguish three groups: good compatibility; medium compatibility; poor compatibility. The change in the content of chlorophyll and phenolic compounds in dynamics, the content of starch in the roots of annual seedlings, which is also an indicator of the interaction of graft-rootstock combinations, has been established.

Annotation

The demand for the development of universal technologies by the method of green cuttings increases significantly in the production of basic mother plantings, i.e. when creating high quality planting material. Green propagation is one of the fastest and relatively cheap in relation to the in vitro method of propagation of plants from mother plantings of the original category. It is also necessary in the production of seedlings for intensive planting of hybrids, introduced material of interest. The relevance of identifying adaptive rootstocks and effective technologies makes it necessary to carry out joint research work with other institutions, increasing the evidence base and the accuracy of research, while significantly reducing the research time. The value of the direction lies in the possibility of isolating plants with a wide biopotential, which is especially valuable when stressful situations for stone fruit crops increase, especially in the spring-summer period. As a result of studies on shoot-forming ability, the most adaptive rootstocks were identified in different growing conditions � VSL-2 (KESS VIR breeding), Gisela 5 (Germany), 3-107, AI 1, 3-20 (NCFSCHVW breeding), AI-5 BD, AI-1 BD (NCFSCHVW and RUE �Institute of Fruit Growing� breeding). All new forms of rootstocks were characterized by resistance to coccomycosis. Rootstocks with a short period of callus formation were noted. It was found that in the conditions of the south of Russia this indicator depended on the preparations used to increase rhizogenesis, in Belarus conditions � on the genotypes of the rootstocks. When propagating by green cuttings, a high yield of rooting was noted under the conditions of Belarus in rootstocks AI 1, AI-1 BD (100 %), VSL-2, AI-74 BD, AI-5 BD (85.2-91.2 %), under conditions of elevated temperatures in the south of Russia in forms 3-20 and AI-5 BD, VSL-2, AI-1 BD, (67-98 %). According to the joint data, the AI-1 DB rootstock was identified for all the studied parameters.

Annotation

Scientific-based use of clonal rootstocks of fruit crops is one of defining factors of increase in efficiency of horticulture and providing the competitiveness of domestic products. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE �Institute of Fruit Growing� (Belarus) the apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making breeding are tested. According to the opinion of authors and other researchers, these rootstocks are characterized by a positive impact the adaptability and productivity of grafted varieties. The article presents the results of evaluation of economic and biological apple rootstocks properties of NCFSCHVW breeding in the maternal rootstocks plantings, in the fields of nursery formation and in the garden. On the most of the indicators the dwarf rootstocks of �� 3 and �� 4 is close to the standard � 62-396; the advantage of �� 4 rootstock is identified by productivity of the maternal bush (8.1 compared with 7.5 pieces/mat. bush). The condition of Imant apple trees for 10 years after planting in the garden was better on the rootstocks of �� 3 (3.7 points) and �� 4 (4.2 points) than on the control rootstock of 62-396 (3.0 points). Safety of trees on the 62-396 rootstock was 83.3 %, on the rootstocks of 54-118, �� 2, �� 4 � 100 %, on �� 3 rootstock �92.0 %. The assessment of the trees strength in the soil (anchorage) showed that 50 % of Imant trees on 62-396 dwarf rootstock have a slope of 1.0 points (weak slope of the tree), on the �� rootstock the share of trees with a slope of 1.0 points was less � up to 33 %. The income of the sale of fruits on the �� 4 rootstock was more than on the 62-396 rootstock (16 660 and 16 100 rubles/ha) due to better preservation of trees and higher marketability of fruits.