Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the scientific institutions of different countries, purposeful selection work is carried out to improve the assortment of rootstocks, to study their adaptive capabilities, and to identify donors and origins of selection-significant features. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE �Institute for Fruit Growing� (Belarus) the apple rootstocks of the St serie of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making and the Stavropol Experimental Station on Horticulture, a branch of the North Caucasus Federal Research Center breeding are testing. The article presents the results of the assessment of economic and biological peculiarity of 4 forms of St serie Apple rootstocks in the rootstocks uterine plantings in 2016-2018. Planting scheme is 1.4 x 0.3 m., the plot is not irrigated. The analysis of the main meteorological indicators � the temperature regime during the growing season, the amount of precipitation � indicates of their contrasting nature in the years of research. It allowed us to objectively carry out the comparative assessment of plant studied development. According to the results of the assessment of winter hardiness in the field, the absence of significant damage to plants was noted. Preliminary results on the data of the beginning and ending of plants vegetation, the assessment of thermal territory resources over the years of research show that the heat supply and duration of periods with an average daily air temperature above 5, 10 ºC correspond to the biological needs of the studied clonal rootstocks of the St serie. Based on the results of assessment of biometric indicators (shoot-forming ability, plant height, degree of branching, aging, rooting), the rootstock of St 19-5 was selected, which is characterized by the best indicators in the Belarus. According to the results of studies carried out in the Krasnodar at high temperatures against the background of drought in the summer growing season, St 18-3 rootstocks in 2015 and St 19-5 in 2017 were identified as origin of productivity and layers standard in the maternal rootstocks plantings.

Annotation

Apricot and peach are very valuable food products, especially apricot, which contains not only sugars, but also a large amount of carotene (up to 16 mg/100 g), phosphorus � 23 mg/kg and potassium � 259 mg/kg. The fruit contains many phenolic compounds (ferulic, n-coumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic and other acids), flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, isoquercitrin and others), vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, C, catechins, aromatic components. The stone contains amino acids, the enzyme emulsin, fatty oils, consisting of linoleic, oleic acids, glycerides. At the same time, there are practically no industrial plantings of these crops in Belarus. And one of the reasons is the lack of planting material that can guarantee the producers a stable yield. It is required to develop methods for express assessment of the compatibility of rootstocks and grafts. The article presents the results of a study of 24 graft-rootstock combinations of apricot and peach in a nursery (2019-2020) for a number of biochemical parameters characterizing the physiological state of plants and, as a consequence, the compatibility of the rootstock and graft at the stage of growing planting material in a fruit nursery. The content of RNA and DNA (using a set of reagents �ArtRNAminiSpin�) and their ratio for 4 clonal rootstocks and 24 graft-rootstock combinations of peach and apricot were determined, on the basis of which the coefficients of compatibility were calculated, which made it possible to distinguish three groups: good compatibility; medium compatibility; poor compatibility. The change in the content of chlorophyll and phenolic compounds in dynamics, the content of starch in the roots of annual seedlings, which is also an indicator of the interaction of graft-rootstock combinations, has been established.

Annotation

Scientific-based use of clonal rootstocks of fruit crops is one of defining factors of increase in efficiency of horticulture and providing the competitiveness of domestic products. According to the Agreement for creative cooperation, in RUE �Institute of Fruit Growing� (Belarus) the apple rootstocks NC (North Caucasus) series of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making breeding are tested. According to the opinion of authors and other researchers, these rootstocks are characterized by a positive impact the adaptability and productivity of grafted varieties. The article presents the results of evaluation of economic and biological apple rootstocks properties of NCFSCHVW breeding in the maternal rootstocks plantings, in the fields of nursery formation and in the garden. On the most of the indicators the dwarf rootstocks of �� 3 and �� 4 is close to the standard � 62-396; the advantage of �� 4 rootstock is identified by productivity of the maternal bush (8.1 compared with 7.5 pieces/mat. bush). The condition of Imant apple trees for 10 years after planting in the garden was better on the rootstocks of �� 3 (3.7 points) and �� 4 (4.2 points) than on the control rootstock of 62-396 (3.0 points). Safety of trees on the 62-396 rootstock was 83.3 %, on the rootstocks of 54-118, �� 2, �� 4 � 100 %, on �� 3 rootstock �92.0 %. The assessment of the trees strength in the soil (anchorage) showed that 50 % of Imant trees on 62-396 dwarf rootstock have a slope of 1.0 points (weak slope of the tree), on the �� rootstock the share of trees with a slope of 1.0 points was less � up to 33 %. The income of the sale of fruits on the �� 4 rootstock was more than on the 62-396 rootstock (16 660 and 16 100 rubles/ha) due to better preservation of trees and higher marketability of fruits.