Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The data of agrobiological studies are of significant importance in determining the biological capabilities of the variety. For grapes, one of the main agrobiological indicators are the fruiting coefficient and yield. Research work on the study of agrobiological characteristics of grape varieties of all ripening periods and their yields has been carried out annually for many years by scientists of the Anapa zonal experimental Station. Agrobiological records are carried out in the first half of summer, taking into account: the average number of eyes on the bush, green and fertile shoots, inflorescences, the percentage of budding eyes, yields from the bush and per hectare, and also, the coefficients of fruiting and fruitfulness are calculated. In 2019-2020, many canteens of early breeding varieties of the Anapa zonal experimental station showed good results, especially in terms of yield. Weather conditions favored this. As a result of agrobiological studies and a comparative assessment of the yield of some early table grape varieties of AZOS selection and control varieties, it was found that, despite the dry summer in the studied time periods, AZOS selection varieties have a high yield and slightly exceed the long-known control varieties in this indicator. This is also confirmed by data from previous years. Analysis of berry juice by sugar content shows the superiority of early table varieties Muscat AZOS, Lotus, White early over control long-known varieties such as, Russian early, Madeleine Angevin, Early Magaracha. The data obtained confirm the high biological capabilities of early table grape varieties of the Anapa zonal Experimental Station Selection.

Annotation

The breeders of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking carry out a large and relevant work aimed at breeding the new high-quality and productive technical grape varieties adapted to local climatic conditions, with high productivity and quality indicators, as well as tolerant to the most dangerous vermin � the phylloxera. This article presents the results of the study of elite grape hybrid forms of technical direction, including the newly selected to the elite forms of the last year. Every year the phenological observations and agrobiological calculations, ufologically and chemical analyses are carried out with selected hybrid forms. The data obtained allow us to identify the most productive forms with high quality of final products for further development of new varieties and transfer them to State testing and introduction of them into production practice. Long-term comprehensive research of grape hybrid forms of the technical direction allowed us to distinguish ten hybrids into the elite. The studied hybrids have high productivity indicators: the coefficient of fruiting was 1.0-1.2, the coefficient of fruitfulness � 1.3-1.4, the yield per bush � 6.7 kg on average. These hybrid grape forms have good annual vine ripening rates (up to 83 % in 2019). In addition, they are much superior to the mechanical composition of bunches of control varieties. This is especially concern for the ratio of combs and berries, juice and pulp with skin and seeds. This allow to suggest that these elite grape hybrid forms can be the title of a variety, that is, they can be submitted to the State variety testing.

Annotation

This article shows the results of research work carried out within the framework of the RFBR grant project (agreement No. 19-416-230025) and the agreement on scientific cooperation between the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking � a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution �North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, and Winemaking� and the Federal State Budgetary Institution �Utrish State Nature Reserve�. As a result of research carried out, the wild grapes were found in the tracts of the Vodyanaya Shchel and Lobanova Shchel on the territory of the Utrish Nature Reserve, unique in its natural and historical conditions (the ancient human settlements) in the number of 16 populations, the vine of which is visually tolerant to the effects of abiotic and biotic environmental factors. It is found also 5 populations of wild grapes along the banks of the Kuban river, similar in appearance to cultural grapes. Morphological and biological study of the vegetative and generative spheres of grape plants founded and genetic analysis of the apical part of young shoots was carried out to identify and establish the origin of the studied forms. A detailed description of their ecological growing conditions is made. The samples were taken from wild vines for genetic analysis. Wild grape plants in the studied territories have significant differences in the morphology of vegetative and generative organs. Particularly it is concern to such features as color, shape, leaf pubescence and gofference, the tops forms of the young shoot, the depth of the leaf upper cuts, the shape and depth of leaf hollow, the shape of leaf sheet cogs, color of skin and pulp of the berries. The most variable were the next sings: the openness of the top of the young shoot, the shape and pubescence of the lower side of the leaf formed.

Annotation

The article analyzes the problem of poor knowledge of Kuban wild forms of grapes and their economically valuable traits, which is very promising for the breeding of this crop in the Krasnodar Territory. In connection with this, the research is needed to determine the origin of wild grapes using genetic methods, as well as to study the morphology and the variability of their vegetative and generative spheres in comparison with cultural forms and the select the donors of resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors of wild grape forms. The objects of study are wild forms of species of the genus Vitis L. of the family Vitaceae Juss. It is noted that recently the biodiversity of the family Vitaceae Juss. Increases visibly, and the new data on the expanding gene pool of cultural and wild Vitis vinifera L. are appeared. At the same time, the new methods appears of polymorphism analyzing of such diversity, but the question of cultivated grapes origin remains vague. Researching the problem of the grapes origin have been conducted for a long time, a large number of works have been performed in the world on this topic, but there is no single concept of the grapes origin. The existence of various theoretically and practically justified centers of origin of the plant forms suggests that it is possible to preserve endemic relict plant forms in these centers at present. From the point of view of studying the biological diversity of grapevines, the territory of the Northern Caucasus and the Black Sea Region (Northern regions) is the most promising. Of the influence of wild grapes on the local assortment may indicate the existence of a number of aboriginal varieties, clearly carrying the features of close resemblance to wild grapes.

Annotation

The wild forms of grapes in the forests of the State nature reserve �Utrish� are found for first time and studied. Several habitats of wild grapes, presumably belonging to the species of Vitis vinifera ssp, silvestris Gmel. or its varieties - var. tipica Negr. � typical wild forest grapes have been studied. A detailed description of the phytocenoses in which the studied forms of plants grow is carried out. Ecological and geographical characteristics of their habitats are given. The samples were taken for further genetic analysis. It is noted in the article that many research have been carried out on the study of wild plants and indigenous grape varieties in the Crimea, Daghestan, along the banks of the Don and others, but there is still no scientific data on the origin and presence of Kuban wild and indigenous forms of grapes. As for the territory of the Utrish reserve, as a unique place of ancient settlements, such studies will be conducted for the first time. Recently, the biodiversity of the Vitaceae Juss family markedly increases, at the same time there are new data on the expanding gene pool of cultural and wild grapes Vitis vinifera L. At the same time, there are new methods of polymorphism analysis of such diversity, but the problem of cultivated grapes origin remains unresolved. This article presents only the first scientific data on the ecological conditions of growth and morphological and biological features of the founded wild forms of grapes in the territory of the Utrish State reserve. It is important to note that this study is only the beginning of research work on the study of the origin of the Kuban wild grapes and identification among them of the sources, and in the future � donors of resistance to various biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The ultimate goal of this study is to include the selected sustainable wild forms in the breeding process and replenishment of the grapes gene pool.