Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the breeding of fruit crops, in particular pears, the selection of hybrid offspring is very time- consuming and limit y the long-term cycle and it cause the inability identify the valuable traits of plant in the first years. This entails the need for further study of a larger number of samples, which ultimately does not lead to the positive results. Therefore, the possibility of applying the systemic cognitive analysis (ASK analysis) allows you to identify the patterns in the available information, analyze it and, based on this, give the possible forecasts. The quantitative estimation results of fruit quality of pear varieties and hybrids on signs complex with using an automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and its software toolbox of intellectual system �Eidos� have been shown in this work. 3 statistical and 7 system-cognitive models have been generated, in which generalized the images of classes by quantitative estimation of signs complex of fruit �quality� of pear�s genotypes. Influence of values of genotyping features has been studied. The most reliable turned out to be model INF4, based on private criterion of ROI � Return On Investment, the first variant of calculation of relative frequencies has appeared the most authentic: Nj - total quantity of signs on j class at integrated criterion of �Sum of knowledges�. By means of created model have been the forecasting problems (diagnostics, categorizations, recognitions, identification). Degree of classes determinancy and gradation importance of descriptive scales has been defined. Clusterizated analysis allocates 2 groups of genotypes on complex of �quality� signs. Possibilities of use of new algorithms clusterizated analysis in a method of cognitive clusterization, based on the ASK-analysis and realised in the intellectual �Eidos� system for a quantitative estimation of fruits quality in pear breeding have been defined. The results of agglomerative clusterization, differing from earlier known classical methods has been shown.

Annotation

In condition of humid subtropical zone of Russia during 2002-2020, the degree of drought resistance of pear varieties and hybrids was assessed by anatomical, morphological and physiological parameters to study their adaptation mechanisms. Research�s objects � different genotypes of genus Pyrus L. (varieties: Bere Zhiffar, Vega, Williams, Red Williams, Chernomorskaya Yantarnaya, Yuzhanka, Nektarnaya, Slavyanka, Verbena, Luchistaya, Bere Bosk, Rassvet, hybrid 8520, Kilchu). A set of physiological, anatomical and morphological indicators was used to assess the adaptability of the studied pear varieties to stress factor of the summer period (high temperature and low water-holding). It is established that change in the physiological processes affect the anatomical and morphological structure of the leaf. The assessment of drought resistance of the studied varieties and hybrids by the nature of changes in the parameters of the water regime is given. It was determined that water-holding capacity of the leaf blade in all genotypes has a high inverse dependence (r= -0,77) on the number of stomates on lower epidermis of the leaf. According to quantitative ratio of chlorophylls a and b, the varieties Bere Zhiffar, Bere Bosk and Chernomorskaya Yantarnaya were identified, confirming stability of the pigment system to water deficit at the most arid period. Continuous modification of the photosynthetic function of leaves associated with productivity and viability was noted. It was found that the influence of stressful weather conditions leads to the appearance of such xeromorphic traits in the genotype as increased development of the palisade parenchyma layer and a decrease in the number of stomates per unit surface. Varieties Red Williams, Chernomorskaya Yantarnaya, Vega and Rassvet are identified by the complex of the above characteristics as the most adaptive to the abiotic stress factors of the summer period of humid subtropics. Revealed adaptive features of these varieties allow to use them in breeding as sources of resistance to drought.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the temperature conditions influence during storage from +4 to +22 ºC on the commodity quality, organoleptic parameters and losses of fresh tomatoes of the Torbash variety. The assessment of commodity quality and quantitative losses was carried out by the expert method. As a result of the studies, carried out it was found that the best commodity quality of fresh tomatoes was preserved on the 2nd day of storage at temperatures from +4 to + 12 ºC, and on the 10th day of storage at temperatures from +6 to +12 ºC. The influence of storage temperature conditions the quantitative losses was studied: in the temperature conditions +4, +16-+22 ºC, the microbiological losses of tomatoes exceeded the losses ones due to natural loss. The maximum value for microbiological losses was recorded at storage mode of +18 ºC ‒ 9,4 %, the minimum value � at +16 ºC (5,5 %). The greatest number of tomato`s losses from natural loss was observed at +14 ºC, the minimum � at +22 ºC. Quality indicators such as shape, appearance, color, smell, freshness, taste and integrity of fruits were evaluated using a 10-point organoleptic scale. As a result of the studies, it was found that the organoleptic parameters in the temperature range from +4 to +16 ºC the tomatoes remained stable until the 6-8 day of the storage period, at high temperatures (+22, +20 ºC), the greatest change in the fruits organoleptic parameters was observed on the 10th day during storage.