Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The main grape varieties used as table varieties and for winemaking belong to the species Vitis vinifera L., which has a high quality of berries, but rather low resistance to diseases and frost. One of the donors of valuable features f or the breeding of grape varieties is the species of Vitis amurensis Rupr. For example, some V. amurensis genotypes carry the downy mildew resistance genes of Rpv10 and Rpv12. The aim of the work is to study the genetic potential of resistance to downy mildew by DNA-marker analysis of some hybrid forms obtained using Amur grapevines. The research was carried out on the DNA of twenty-one grape genotypes, created by F.I. Shatilov using V. amurensis, and preserved in the collection of A.Y. Nemytov (Orenburg Region). DNA extraction was carried out by CTAB method from herbalized young shoots of grape plants. In the work for identification gene Rpv10 the closely linked DNA marker GF09-46 was used to identify the Rpv12 gene � markers UDV360, UDV343, flanking the locus of resistance. Separation of reaction products and analysis of PCR fragment size were carried out using an automatic genetic analyzer. As control genotypes in the study the grape varieties those carriers the genes of Kunlean (Rpv12) and Saperavi Severnyi (Rpv10) were included. In two forms under the conventional names �Muscat Severniy No. 1� and �Hybrid form No. 3� the presence of genes Rpv12 and Rpv10 were revealed, respectively. These genotypes have a number of positive characteristics that are promising in the breeding of table grape varieties and can be considered as the sources o f valuable traits.

Annotation

Grapes are a valuable cultural plant for human. It is used fresh, as a raw material for the juice, wine and canning industries, and for the various types of dried products. Of the total number of grapes produced in the world, 80-90 % is used for processing into wines, juices and other products, up to 10 % of the grapes are consumed fresh and 5-6 % goes to drying. Industrial management of high-quality grape plantations and nurseries is impossible without the use of scientific knowledge that allows you to identify the most productive grape varieties for specific agro-climatic zones, determine the purity of plants and the diagnose the phytopathogens in the planting material and existing plantations. One of the most effective methods for solving problems of nursery management is molecular genetic, which are widely used for DNA certification, determining the origin of grapes and for identifying pathogens in the planting material. DNA profiling allows us to screen out mutant forms at an early stage or select them for further research. Diagnostics of pathogens in the uterine plantations and planting material includes the identification of pathogenic organisms and early detection of asymptomatic diseases (viruses, phytoplasmic infections, tracheomycosis, bacterial cancer). Methods of control of planting material, which are widely used in nursery management, include the enzyme immunoanalisis, placement the indicator plants into the uterine plantations, PCR method and �deep sequencing�. The use of these methods in the nursery allows to correctly identify the varietal identity of the material on the early stages, to identify the presence of pathogens harmful, and make timely set of protective measures that later will ensure the effective development and high quality of the uterine plants.

Annotation

The territory of the Abkhazia Republic is recognized as one of the regions of the cultural vine origin. Here there are many native varieties and wild forms of grapes. The study of the grape gene pool at the molecular genetic level makes it possible to much more fully assess the genetic diversity of varieties and forms, to identify closer and distant genotypes. The purpose of this work is to study the wild-growing vines in Abkhazia. The search for wild forms of grapes was carried out in the Gudautskiy, Gagrskiy and Sukhumskiy districts of the Republic of Abkhazia, in areas remote and fairly isolated from cultivated vineyards. 7 samples were selected for the study. The description of the found vines by morphological characteristics has been carried out. DNA was extracted from the apical parts of vine shoots by the CTAB method. Genotyping was performed using 11 SSR markers: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD25, VVMD27, VVMD28, VVMD32, VrZAG62, VrZAG79, UDV737 and GF09-46. The amplified PCR reaction products were assessed by capillary electrophoresis using an ABI Prism 3130 automatic genetic analyzer, with following size determination using the GeneMapper and PeakScanner software, correcting the values taking into account the data of reference genotypes with known allelic composition. Statistical processing of microsatellite loci polymorphism data was performed using the GenAlEx 6.5 program. Analysis of the DNA profiles obtained in the international database of DNA passports of grape varieties do not show any coincidences. It is revealed that the three analyzed samples collected at one geographical point are identical in terms of DNA profiles and ampelographic description. One of the vines found is probably an interspecific hybrid. Statistical processing of microsatellite locus polymorphism data showed that the observed heterozygosity of the sample studied is slightly lower than the expected heterozygosity: 0.618 and 0.687 respectively.

Annotation

Grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae is a small invasive sucking insect that has a significant physical and economic impact the cultivation of grapes. The harmfulness of the root form of phylloxera is different for European and American varieties. It causes much more damage to European varieties. This pathogen was introduced to Europe on American rootstocks, originally imported to the continent as a resistant material for the control of powdery mildew and downy mildew. In France, in 1868, a vermin ravaged the French wine industry, destroying more than 1 million hectares of non-grafted vineyards. The vermin evolved together with the North American varieties Vitis spp. And genetic resistance to this pathogen exists in several species of rapes from this group. Molecular genetic markers bring many new techniques and make a great contribution to the biological sciences, especially agriculture. The marker-assisted selection method is particularly promising for the breeding of perennial crops. Currently, a number of genes responsible for resistance to phylloxera, designated as Rdv1-8, have been identified. Rdv1-3 genes were identified in the V. cinerea, and Rdv6-8 genes is in the M. rotundifolia. The Rdv3 and Rdv4 genes affect resistance to leaf phylloxera. The use of existing ways and the latest advances in molecular and genomic methods could lead to the creation of varieties that are immune to the root form of phylloxera. Grape breeding using complex interspecific crosses make possibility to combine resistance to diseases and vermins, crop quality and resistance to abiotic stresses.

Annotation

On the territory of Krasnodar region, grapevines have been cultivated since ancient times. However, the study of the gene pool of local wild grapes remains an open question. This study is devoted to the research of wild growing grapevines found in the area of Tonkiy cape of Gelendzhik city. The ecological-geographical and climatic conditions of this territory can be considered as a favorable place for the growth of wild grapevines. Seven samples of vines were found, having some similarities and differences in ecological, biological and morphological indicators. Most of the studied samples are dioecious plants � there are samples with male and female flower types. No inflorescences were found on the one specimen. The material for DNA analysis was selected from the found grape samples. DNA was isolated by CTAB method from herbarized apical leaves. Genotyping of wild-growing forms was performed by microsatellite loci: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZag62, VrZag79 which are used as a standard set for grape varieties DNA fingerprinting, as well as by loci UDV737 and CenGen6, which are linked to locus of resistance to downy mildew Rpv3 and powdery mildew Ren9, respectively. Target fragments, the size of which indicates the presence of resistance genes, were not detected by DNA markers UDV737 and CenGen6. The obtained DNA profiles on microsatellite loci showed genetic differences of the vines in the analyzed sample. On average, 5 types of alleles per locus were identified. Cluster analysis of DNA profiling data showed that one of the found vines differs from the rest most significantly, the remaining samples were distributed into two subclusters of two and four genotypes according to the results of the analysis.