Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The problem of insufficient knowledge of fruit crops apian-pollinators, in particular of solitary bees, is being analyzed in the article. Species of apian-pollinators have been defined including 52 species belonging to 6 families. Among the apians, which were registered on fruit crops, the most numerous in all agroclimatic zones were 10 (19,2 %) species: Andrena flavipes, A. haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. tibialis, A. nitidiuscula, A. suerinensis, Osmia rufa, Eucera curvitarsis, Bombus agrorum and Apis mellifera, which are the main pollinators. 4 species of fruit crops pollinators were the dominantones in the central zone of Krasnodar Region (Andrena flavipes, Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera � 57,1 %), the group of mass pollinators was represented by 3 species (Andrena haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. nitidiuscula � 28,6 %). 4 species were belonged to the dominant group in the Western delta zone (Andrena flavipes, Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera � 52,2 %), 5 species of pollinators were the most common (Andrena haemorrhoa, A. nana, A. tibialis, A. suerinensis, Eucera curvitarsis � 43,5 %). 3 species of pollinators dominated (Osmia rufa, Bombus agrorum, Apis mellifera � 42,9 %), 5 species were the most common Andrena flavipes, A. tibialis, A. nitidiuscula, A. suerinensis, Eucera curvitarsis � 47,6 %) in the Southern foothill zone. Amount of solitary and honey bees far exceeds the quantity of insects from other orders. For 3 years of studies the average registered of solitary bees was 35,5 on marked brunch, as well as honey bee � 32,4 and only 5,6 insects of other orders on pollination of anapple tree. Respectively on pollination of a cherry tree the amount was 53, 41,4 and 5,6 individuals. There were no difference of years of studing and the days of flowering and the quantity of pollinators of apple and cherry trees. The difference between groups of pollinators is significant (32,6 % for apple and 87,2 % for cherries). The quantity of apian-pollinators in the garden varies according to the day of flowering, it also depends on series of abiotic factors � temperature, humidity, time of a day, velocity and wind direction.

Annotation

Osmia is an effective and prospective pollinator of Rosaceae family plants. This insect has a range of advantages, due to which it can be successfully bred on the industrial level. For the period of our multi-year research the certain experience of the breeding of Osmia has been accumulated. The main conditions of successful reproduction are the selection of the material and the size of the nesting channel. The paper presents the results of assessing the prospects for industrial breeding of a solitary bee Osmia rufa. Studies have shown that this species prefer to inhabit cane nesting channels (55 % of the population) with a diameter from 6 to 9 millimeters. The percentage of populating the channels of 6, 7, 8, 9 millimeters was 19.4%, 23.8 %, 18.2 % and 13.8 % respectively of all populated channels. According to the length of the channel, channels with a length of 100 to 200 mm were preferable, in which 64.8 % of all inhabited lengths were populated. The largest number of channels contained 3, 4, 5 cells � 14.6 %, 16.4 % and 14.4 % respectively. The studies of the content of the cells showed that 2671 cells with average length of 11,8 � 0,94 millimeters have been built in 494 channels. 1960 cells contained whole cocoons (73.4 %), which is the absolute majority of all built cells. Parasites (flies Cacoxenus indagator, mites Chaetodactylus �smi�, skin beetles Trichodes apiaries) were contained in 206 cells and their total harmfulness was 7.7 %, dead Osmial larvae and damaged cocoons was noted in 262 cells (9.8 % of all cells built).

Annotation

Osmia is an effective pollinator of fruit crops. Study of its development biology is very relevant from the point of view of its mass reproduction that in modern conditions may help to increase considerably in the yield of fruit crops taking into consideration decrease in number of honey bees. Imago spend winter in cocoons. In natural habitat the flight out of Osmia is registered in spring at the weather conditions 8-10 ºC. After coupling male bees die and a female bee starts to find the place for nesting. Females occupy the ready nest channels. The building of cells in nest channels begins with the forming of initial plug, consisting of soil pieces. Having finished the building of initial plug the bee begins to store foods in the cells - pollen and nectar. It takes a day to build a cell under favorable conditions. The process continues until the nest channels are filled. In the end of building the nest the channel is closed by a plug. By means of observation and pollen analysis it was registered that Osmia Rufa has visited flowers of 13 species of plants of 7 kinds. The pollen of two plants species was found in 55,3 % of the cells. The pollen of three plants � in 13,3 %. The pollen of four plants � in 22,6 %, the pollen of five plants � in 5,4 % and the pollen of six � in 2,4 %. The pollen of plants of kind Rosaceae was found in 55,1 % of the cells, of kind Lamiaceae � in 19,8 %, of kind Asteraceae � in 8,3 %, of kind Carpofiliaceae � in 6,3 %, of kind Paeoniaceae � in 4,7 %, of kind Corylaceae � 4,2 %, of kind Ranunculaceae � 1,6 %. Osmia rufa develops in one generation. According to data obtained for many years the embryonic development Lasts from 3 to 10 days. The development of larva � 13,8-44,5 days. A pupa becomes an adult bee in 21-22 days. Thus, the whole cycle of bee development lasts 50,8-136,5 days, talking into considiration that larva being inactive.