Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Zagirov Nadir
Articles in journal: (total 6)
The article presents the results of research on improving the technology for the production of canned apple compote from apples. The studies were carried out in 2021-2022 at the laboratory base of the Dagestan State Technical University. The most important condition for ensuring normal growth, development, as well as the resistance of the children's body to adverse environmental factors, is the organization of rational nutrition, and therefore, its high nutritional value, determined by the nutrient composition of the finished product, which, along with the nutritional value of the raw materials used, is also determined by perfection of the production technology used, which encourages their improvement. Comprehensive assessment of the biochemical composition of apples shows that secondary products obtained during their cutting and cleaning (peel, seed cell, etc.), along with carbohydrates, contain a large amount of biologically active components. The main role in improving technologies to ensure a high nutrient composition of products is played by the intensification of the processes of preliminary sterilization (blanching and final heat treatment), as an obligatory and longest stage in the technological cycle of the production of compotes for child nutrition. New solutions in the implementation of the set goal are: the use of an effective method of microwave blanching of fruits directly in glass jars; the use of an infusion from secondary products obtained by extracting them in water at a temperature of +60 C for 10-15 minutes after treatment in an electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency for 1.5 minutes and an accelerated mode of thermal sterilization based on a preliminary increase in the temperature of the product before sealing cans up to +80 C followed by sterilization using two-stage cooling. The proposed technology contributes to saving more than 10 kg of sugar per 1 tube of products while ensuring high nutritional value of the finished product; the content of vitamin C in compote made by improved technology is 2 times higher than by traditional technology. To implement the method of microwave blanching, the design of an apparatus for microwave processing of fruits in glass jars was also developed.
The agroeconomic estimation of quality of grape plantings for the purpose of definition of quantity indicators of this quality and an establishment of possible efficiency is made at certain organizational and technological level of viticulture, and also provide offers to improve the conditions of plantings, increasing their economic efficiency.
For the first time in the conditions of Southern Dagestan the systems estimate of ampeloecological resources by research of a crop and quality of finished production of the grape plants located in different growing conditions is given.
For the first time in Dagestan, the use of statistical modeling for the integrated treatment depending on the productivity of the vine on the climatic conditions of growth has allowed to quantify the degree of dependence of yield and sugar content as a key indicator of productivity on meteorological conditions of the year.
The aim of the work is to evaluate the economic efficiency of grape production in the southern part of the coastal lowland of Dagestan. To determine the economic efficiency of grape production, the following indicators are taken into account: yield capacity, average sales price, cost of production, profit and profitability level. Calculations of the economic efficiency of research showed that it is determined primarily by the quality indicators of the yield, which is formed under the influence of growing conditions in a particular territory. It is revealed that in the production costs of the commercial farm unit, the largest share is occupied by remuneration and the maintenance of fixed-capital assets. The cost of grape production in 2010-2014 ranged from 11014 to 12485 thousand rubles and for the period 2016-2020 it ranged from 12396 to 18117 thousand rubles. It is established that the greatest increase in expenses in the commercial farm unit is associated with the use of energy resources, the purchase of spare parts, repair materials, fuel and lubricants, as well as with the implementation of protective measures against grape pests and diseases. Meanwhile, the costs associated with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers have been decreased. The analysis of the economic efficiency of individual industries shows that animal farming in a specialized winegrowing commercial farm unit should be of an auxiliary nature for the needs of domestic consumption. It is determined that the main factor determining the level of sustainability and efficiency of the industry is the transition to a new more intensive level of production, reducing of labor costs and material resources per unit of production, while increasing the yield of grape plantations.