Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The studies were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted and developed at the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW programs and methods of breeding and variety study. The objects of research are apple varieties and forms (Malus x domestica Borkh.) of different ploidy and genetic origin. According to the data of long-term studies (2015-2021) cytological analysis of 54 apple genotypes of various ploidy and genetic origin was found that diploids have the highest rates of pollen viability (X av. = 70 %; X max = 98 %; X min = 32 %), low indicators of pollen quality in triploids (X av. = 28 %; X max = 16 %; X min = 8 %), and tetraploid initial forms fall in between. According to the obtained pollen quality assessment data, the best indicators were found in apple varieties: Vasilisa, Zolotoe Letnee, Carmen, Piros, Rassvet, Talida, Talisman, Ariva, Liberty, Sirius, Orfey, Fuji, Topaz, Granatovoe, Fortuna, Prestig, Renet Simirenko, Eliza, Kameo, 29-5-49, 12 / 2-20-34 and others; krebs: Imperial Pavla, Ketney, Piotosh, Gertruda, John Downie and others (55-98 %). The most promising varieties have been identified (taking into account the timing and duration of the flowering period, the degree of pollen viability): Gertruda, John Downie, Ketney, Lubimoe Dutovoi, Zheltozelene, Nikita, Imperial Pavla, Victoria, Risling Krasnyy, Virginia, Feya, Floorking, etc. as pollinators for varieties most common in industrial horticulture, as well as valuable paternal forms when hybridizing in various breeding programs.

Annotation

The article gives the results of the study of pear breeding of South Ural Scientific Research Institution of Horticultural and Potato growing (now South Ural Scientific Research Institution of Horticultural and Potato growing � branch of FSBSI �Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center UB RAS�). For the first time in the southern region of Krasnodar region, the reaction of new varieties was studied and the display of economic and valuable features depending on the biological features of the variety and the natural and climatic conditions of cultivation was established. The tasks of studying new varieties of the Ural breeding for the conditions of the South of Russia are described. The value of pear fruits for fresh consumption, as primary produce for processing and horticultural wood in general has been noted. Economic and biological features of the growth and development of pear plants are presented. Flowering of the test varieties in Krasnodar conditions takes place 1-2 weeks earlier than locally districted varieties. Following varieties of summer ripening, resistance to return frosts and with a good yield were selected: Krasulya, Skazochnaya, Raduzhnaya. The article gives a brief Economic and biological characteristic of seven varieties of pear breeded by the South Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato including: early summer, summer and autumn period of maturation. They are recommended for cultivation, both in production department and in the private sector, to expand the assortment of early summer and autumn pear varieties suitable for both fresh consumption and high-quality processing products. Introduced pear varieties can be used in the breeding process to produce a disease-resistant genetic material. Optimization of pear assortment in the conditions of southern Russia with new introduced adaptive varieties will provide an opportunity to rationally increase the biological potential of pear production, will allow to receive fruits of high taste and commodity qualities, reduce chemical treatments from pests and diseases and, thus, will increase the ecological safety of the environment.

Annotation

The article presents the study results of uvological, agrobiological and some of biochemical indicators (the content of coloring agents and phenolic substances) of clusters and berries of the promising local wine grape variety �Dzhevat Kara�, cultivated in the eastern region of the South Coast zone of Crimea in commercial vineyard of FSUE PJSC �Massandra�, Morskoye branch. The studies were carried out during 2019-2020, year of planting � 2002, planting pattern � 3.0 x 2.0 m (2). Over the years of research we succeeded to collect the following data: clusters of �Gevat Kara� grape variety contain more than 95.0% of berries from the total cluster weight; average cluster weight is 525.6 � 58.45 g, weight of 100 berries is 210.75 � 1.53 g. The indicator of structure (21.94), berry index (60.9) and skin-to-flesh weight ratio (5.9), describing the distribution of physical elements (flesh, juice and skin) in a berry, indicate that �Dzhevat Kara� is attributed to wine grape varieties. The percentage of flesh and juice is on average 74.96%. As of September 30th , the content of sugars in berry juice consisted of 22.0-23.0 g / 100 cm3 with acidity value � 6.0-6.9 g/dm3 , coloring agents � 56.1 mg/dm3 , total phenolic substances � 696.0 mg/dm3 . The �Dzhevat Kara� grape variety is a good pollinator for �Kefesiya� variety with functionally female type of flower. It ensures the accumulation of on average 52.3 mg/dm3 of coloring agents and 416.0 mg/dm3 of phenolic substances in berries of the variety. Recommended for breeding as a source of economically valuable traits of accumulation the coloring agents and phenolic substances in berries.

Annotation

The main biological and economically valuable characteristics of the recognised grape varieties of the NCFSCHVW breeding are presented: Alcor and Granatovyi. Grapevine varieties for high-quality red wine production were obtained by intraspecific crosses of V. vinifera. The genotypes are adapted to the local conditions of cultivation, varieties Alcor and Granatovyi surpass Cabernet-Sauvignon in terms of resistance to pathogens in the conditions of the South of Russia. The Alcor and Granatovyi grape varieties are used to produce high-quality table and liqueur wines, as well as grape juice. The grapes of the Alcor and Granatovyi varieties are characterized by a high technological reserve of phenolic compounds, exceeding the similar indicator of Cabernet-Sauvignon by an average of 15 %. The wines have been repeatedly awarded high awards at Russian and international competitions and exhibitions. Table red wines from the Alcor and Granatovyi grape varieties are characterized by a full harmonious taste and a well-defined varietal aroma, a high total concentration of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, which cause an intense elegant dark ruby color. Liqueur wines also have a very intense color, with aging, the properties of liqueur wines are improved. Table and liqueur wines from the varieties Alcor and Granatovyi have a high concentration of antioxidants, including resveratrol and phenol-carboxylic acids. Alcor (2017) and Granatovyi (1987) varieties are included in the State Register of breeding achievements of the Russian Federation, approved for use. It is proved that the grapevine varieties of domestic breeding Alcor and Granatovyi are worthy competitors of European varieties for expanding the range of table and liqueur wines in the conditions of the south of Russia.

Annotation

In the article are presented the results of studying the biological diversity of some indigenous grapevine varieties available in the Russian ampelographic collection using retrotransposon markers. In total, 10 indigenous grapevine varieties were selected for the study. These varieties belong to genotypes originating from the ecological-geographical groups of the Don and the Caucasus and, accordingly, are distant in origin. Thus, for the first time, genetic diversity and their relationship, obtained as a result of their description using retrotransposon markers, were investigated. As a result, a total of 1518 DNA bands were obtained, of which 67,69 % were polymorphic. At the same time, a different number of DNA bands per genotype was obtained as a result of amplification with all markers. The minimum amount (128) was shown by the Budai shuli variety, while the maximum (173) was found in the Kuldzhinskiy variety. The markers used in the work also generated a different number of DNA bands. In particular, the minimum amount was for Tvv-1 (79), while the maximum (171) was demonstrated by the marker 2373. Despite the relatively small total number of polymorphic bands, the Shannon Index (0.342) and the Diversity criterion (0.224) showed high indicators. These facts can be explained by the fact that the varieties selected for research have a distant origin. Nevertheless, the level of polymorphism may indicate that there is a certain relationship between genotypes due to the geographical location of their places of origin. Based on the results of the analysis, clustering of genotypes was carried out using the PCoA and Maximum Likelihood methods. At the same time, the close location in PCoA analysis and cluster tree of the Kuldzhinsky and Sibirkovy varieties was unexpected.

Annotation

In the article are presented the botanical, agrobiological and economic-technological characteristics of a new table grape variety with the working Name Pamyati Peytel (G-7-26-258), in the ecological conditions of Southern Daghestan. The hybrid form G-7-26-258 obtained by crossing the varieties Nimrang x Agadai, belongs to the group of varieties of the middle-late ripening period. The duration of the growing season is 140 days with the sum of active temperatures 2980 º�. Bushes of great growth, annual shoots ripen by 90-95 %. The cluuster is large, cylindrical, of medium density and dense. The berry is large, flattened, slightly lobated, light yellowish. The skin is of medium strength. The pulp is dense, thick-walled. The taste is harmonious, pleasant, refreshing. The seeds in the berry are two or four, more often one or three. The yield is 13-15 kg per bush. The sugar content of the juice is 161 g/dm3 , the titratable acidity is 5.9 g/dm3 . The transportability is high. Resistance to fungal diseases and pests in comparison with other tablezoned varieties is high. The variety shows tolerance to the root phylloxera, reaching a yield of more than 10 kg per bush in its own rooted culture at the age of more than 20 years against the background of overall phylloxera infestation. Winter hardiness is high, and frost resistance is sufficient for the open-earth zone of the coastal areas of the Republic of Daghestan � in 2012 at -17.8 º� the death of eyes was 33.2 %. The yield of the hybrid form of grapes G-7-26-258 is recommended for fresh consumption, export and storage. The introduction of the variety into production will contribute to the expansion of the assortment and conveyor of the Republic of Daghestan table grapes.

Annotation

The modern market requires changing the assortment of raspberries to varieties that are more resistant to stress factors, high-yielding with high-quality berries. Breeding work in this regard is carried out mainly on materials from field gene banks, doublet in vitro and cryogenic collections. The problem of adaptation of test-tube plants during they transfer to natural environmental conditions is of interest. From the in vitro collection of VIR (St. Petersburg), the basic collection of the branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR was transferred the rooted micro-plants of 15 raspberry varieties in order to study their viability in the field, estimation of the complex of economically valuable traits, resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors characteristic of the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. In this report is described the characteristics of two-year-old ex vitro raspberry plants. All samples were studied according to a set of indicators. The state of the plants after overwintering was noted, the development phases were monitored, the yield and quality of the berries were taken into account, the drought and heat resistance, and the susceptibility to Septoria spot were evaluated. The methods of sample evaluation were generally accepted. Since the samples were transplanted into the natural environment, all test-tube plants have shown good survival rate. The condition of the raspberry samples after overwintering was estimated at 4.5-5.0 points. From the returned spring frosts (-3�-6 ºC) on the leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Bulgarski Rubin, damage up to 2 points was noted. Flowering and fruiting took place in the optimal time for 4-5 balls. The most active growth of new shoots (more than 2 m) was distinguished by the varieties Mandarin, �ulgarski Rubin, Cumberlend. Leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Solnishko, Sputnitsa were affected by Septoria spot. In the field conditions of the environment ex vitro raspberry varieties adapt quite easily, grow and develop well, which allows to study their morpho-biological characteristics, identify valuable physiological and biochemical signs, and assess the degree of adaptability of samples to adverse factors in the Southern zone of Russia.

Annotation

In the article is considered the issue of criteria-based assessment of the suitability of the agricultural territories for grape culture. Conducting zoning of the territory for the purpose of rational environmental management requires an objective and comprehensive assessment of the state of agricultural territories. The complexity and novelty of it lies in the weak development of the scientific and conceptual base of the agroecology of ampelocenoses and the lack of practical experience in different natural and territorial conditions. Since there is no single integral indicator for assessing the agricultural territory in nature, the evaluation criteria are a number of bioindication, spatial and dynamic indicators, and the integral assessment is carried out on the basis of a certain number of the most influential indicators. It is known that the fundamental criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is the compliance of edaphoclimatic factors with the requirements of the biological characteristics of cultivated varieties. Another criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is based on the principle of the limiting factor, based on the Laws of the Liebig minimum and the Shelford ecological optimum (tolerance). The criteria limiting the development of grapes on the territory of the Krasnodar region are established, their parameters are determined. Maps of the distribution of heat supply and absolute minimum temperature are compiled, on the basis of which, taking into account soil characteristics, agricultural territories with relatively homogeneous parameters (47 subzones) are identified. The placement of grape varieties taking into account the criteria and parameters of the selected subzones can give such expected effects as increasing the efficiency of the use of edaphoclimatic resources in the production process of grapes; increasing the productivity of plantings; improving product quality; extending the productive life of plantings; reducing the cost of viticulture products; increasing the competitiveness of domestic viticulture.

Annotation

The development of new nature-like agrobiotechnologies in nursery breeding, which increase the biological potential of plants based on the use of mechanisms of symbiotic interaction (AM-symbiosis) of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and fruit plants, contributes to improving the quality of planting material of fruit crops. The effect of mycorrhization of apple nursery plants with a biological preparation based on symbiotic fungi of arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp. on the growth, early maturity and productivity of Prikubanskoe apple variety on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was studied. The regularities of changes in growth and production processes in apple trees laid with planting material with mycorrhization of rootstocks in the nursery are established. The balance of growth and production processes changed in favor of the latter: the diameter of the stem of 7-year-old trees with mycorrhiza was 11.8-17.6 % smaller, and the height of the trees was 5.5-7.2 % smaller compared to the control. The yield of treated trees for 4 years of fruiting was higher (28.4 kg/tree compared to 26.7 kg/tree in control). According to the complex of indicators, the best variant is application of a biological product at a dose of 2.0 g/plant. The use in industrial gardening of apple tree planting material with a mycorrhizal root system increases the level of realization of its production potential: the specific productivity of the experimental trees in the best variant was (calculated for 4 years) 1.79 kg/cm2 of the cross-sectional area of the stem in comparison with 1.31 kg/cm2 of the control variant. A new agricultural approach is the mycorrhization of apple tree planting material with a biological preparation of Glomus sp. arbuscular mycorrhiza. It is an innovative nature-like biologized element of the technology of growing apple nursery plants, has a prolonged effect and contributes to the early maturity and greater productivity of grafted trees.

Annotation

Studies were conducted in 2019 in the North Caucasus FSAC. The aim of the research is to determine the effectiveness of the use of various concentrations of Benzichol and Etichol preparations in a solid nutrient medium to accelerate the growth and development of in vitro improved micro-cuttings of grapes during clonal propagation. The results of studies on the influence of new synthetic preparations, that offering phytoregulatory, stress-protective, auxin, retardant, and antiviral activity, used in very low doses, which stimulate and accelerate the growth and development of in vitro improved micro-cuttings of grapes are presented. The middle-early Alminskiy variety was used in the experiment. Studies have shown that the addition of phytoregulators and stress-protectors Benzichol and Etihol to the solid nutrient medium according to Murashige and Skoog, for growing in vitro improved micro-cuttings of middle-early Alminskiy variety, at studied concentrations (1×10-7 ; 1×10-9 and 1×10-11 M) did not contribute to the acceleration of the root formation and growth in improved grapes micro-cuttings. At the same time, the use of Benzichol at concentrations of 1×10-7 and 1×10-9 , on the contrary, led to a significant slowdown in root formation in plants. The addition of Benzichol and Etihol preparations to the nutrient medium at a minimum concentration of 1×10-11M had a stimulating effect on the formation of internodes, after 20 days the average number of internodes on 1 plant increased up 0.5-0.7 pcs relative to the control. With the further growth of plants after 30 days, the trend noted above remained, although the difference with control decreased to 0.3 pcs. It indicates the possibility of using these preparations in order to increase the production of high-quality homogeneous virus-free planting material, and later to reproduce healthy young plants, which are necessary for establishing of vineyards.

Annotation

The adverse effect of temperature fluctuations during the summer affects the productivity and yield of the apple tree, which actualizes the need for breeding for adaptability and increasing resistance to abiotic stress factors. Physiological and biochemical studies disclose the mechanisms of a protective response to the action of stressors. The purpose of this work is to study the peculiarities of the physiological and biochemical response of the various types of apple trees on the stressful conditions of the summer period, allocate the most stable varieties for use in breeding purposes. Objects of research � 6 varieties of apple trees of various ecological and geographical origin: Idared, Interprais (USA), Ligol (Poland), Orfey, Prikubanskoe (Russia, NCFSCHVW), Florina (France). It is shown that a decrease in the content of water-soluble sugars is associated with the oppression of assimilative processes in the leafy tissues against the background of the action of elevated temperatures and the lack of precipitation. It has been established that in varieties Interprais and Orfey content of the proline increased during the summer in 1.7-2.9 times, indicating active participation in osmotic regulation. The content of abscise acid increased during the period of elevated temperatures and droughts in Florina, Orfey and Idared varieties in 1.21-2.08 times depending on the variety indicating the participation of this phytohormone in osmotic adjustment. The largest contribution of organic acids in osmotic regulation is marked at the Orfey and Prikubanskoe varieties. The smallest heat resistance defined by the leakage of electrolytes is marked at Florina, Idared and Ligol varieties. Based on the generalized data, apple tree varieties Interprais, Orfey and Prikbanskanskoe showed themselves more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the summer of 2020. The obtained results are of interest for using them in breeding purposes as a diagnostic indicators of the degree of resistance to the stress of the summer period.

Annotation

The results of studies of the productivity of different graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the submontane zone of the Krasnodar Region on floodplain soils are presented. The stability of various plum rootstocks to unfavorable soil parameters was studied. The characteristics of the soil cover of the site and prospective domestic rootstocks for large-stone fruit crops are given. It was revealed that the main negative parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy-loamy soils, leading to a decrease in productivity and oppression of plants, are the periodic rise in the groundwater level and low fertility (very low availability of organic matter and mobile phosphorus). The variation exhibitions in the condition and yield of trees on these soils, depending on the rootstock, is established. In the leveled areas with periodic rise of the ground water level and stagnation of excess moisture at a depth of at least 120 cm from the soil surface, plum trees on all the studied rootstocks were in satisfactory condition. However, plum trees planted in 2015 on the rootstocks of PK SK-1, PK SK-2, 934 and 935 were more productive (5.7-6.6 t/ha). In low relief elements (gullies, swales, closed depressions), where stagnation of excess moisture in the soil profile at a depth of 80 cm or less is observed, depression and death of plum trees take place. The greatest resistance of plants to these conditions was noted on the rootstocks of PK SK�2 and 935. In these edaphoclimatic conditions, the most resistant to periodic long-term overwatering of the root layer of the soil are graft-rootstock combinations of Stenley/PC SK�2 and Stenley/935. These trees have the highest yield and the lowest percentage of plant death.

Annotation

In the article are provided experimental data confirming the regularities of changes in the productivity of the table grape variety Victor due to change in the load of bushes with shoots and clusters. Field studies were carried out in the Central Agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar Region, the scheme of bushes planting is 3.8 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the temperature in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual amount of atmospheric precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, powerful leached chernozems. The variety showed a high responsiveness to changes in the load of bushes with shoots and clusters under this agroecological conditions. The correlation dependence of the total mass of clusters from one bush on the number of fruitful shoots and the number of clusters is medium and high, respectively, r = 0.63 and r = 0.75. The dependence of productivity on the load of bushes with shoots and clusters is high. The correlation coefficient is 0.88-0.93 and 0.86-0.99, respectively. The largest mass of a cluster, 0.757 kg, is formed when the bushes are loaded with shoots of 26 pcs. per bush and clusters in the amount of 10 pcs. per bush. Clusters are close in size to this mass when the bushes are loaded with 21 shoots and 13 clusters per bush, as well as when the bushes are loaded with 16 shoots and 12 clusters per bush, respectively, 0.714 and 0.756 kg. The highest yield of grapes, 14.83 and 14.50 t per ha, is formed with the greatest load of bushes with shoots of 26 and 21 pcs. per bush in combination with a load of clusters in the amount of 17 pcs. per bush.

Annotation

The search for special agricultural methods for preserving biodiversity and increasing the effective fertility of chernozem soils in the conditions of monoculture of the orchard is relevant. The development of problem solving biotechnological methods is based on the study of the dynamics of the pattern of changes in soil fertility factors when using show-release biomineral fertilizers. The article presents the results of agrochemical monitoring of leached chernozem in the orchard in connection with the application of biomodified organomineral fertilizer. The main aim of the research was to study the aftereffect f biomineral fertilizer on the soil and the generative function of the apple trees varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy (Scientific Institution "North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making" breeding) on the rootstock SK4. It was found that the use of fertilizers did not contribute to an increase in the actual soil acidity. There were also no significant differences between the variants "control, without fertilizers" and "application of organomineral fertilizer" in terms of total soil acidity. Against the background of the application of organomineral fertilizer, the content of exchangeable calcium increased to values of 26.8-30.1 mmol/100 g, which, presumably, created favorable conditions for the development of aerobic microorganisms and the absorption of the element by the apple tree roots. A higher activity of the biological process of nitrogen mineralization was revealed against the background of the introduction of organomineral fertilizer enriched in the culture of rhizosphere bacteria. The new conditions formed in the soil contributed to the strengthening of the nitrification activity of the soil. Under conditions of intensive monoculture, the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil decreased six years after the experiment establishment. Higher limits of the phosphorus content are defined in the variant with the application of fertilizers. For leached chernozem under monoculture conditions without fertilization, a tendency to the destruction of humic substances was revealed mainly in the soil layer of 0-20 cm. Against the background of the use of organomineral fertilizer, the humus level in the soil layer of 0-20 cm in a year and six after the experiment establishment is higher than in the control variant by 12.6 and 38.7%, respectively, which is probably related to the content of humic compounds in the fertilizer. The changes in the dynamics of soil and agrochemical indicators against the background of the introduction of show-release biomodified organomineral fertilizer correlated with a higher level of apple trees yield of the Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy varieties in comparison with the control variant.

Annotation

In the industrial plantings of intensive orchards in the south of Russia, a wide range of apple clones of the Gala variety is cultivated. The variety of colors, high taste qualities, dense, juicy flesh makes the fruit attractive to consumers, so the variety is in great demand among the population around the world. Nowadays it is one of the most widely cultivated varieties of apple trees of the autumn ripening period. In connection with the appearance of new clones of the Gala variety grown in horticultural farms, the issues of determining the optimal harvest time, reasoned by the criteria of biochemical indicators of fruit quality, are relevant. In this regard, the aim of the research was to study the criteria of biochemical indicators of the fruits quality of different clones of the Gala variety, which characterize the degree of maturity of apples growing in the south of Russia. As a result of the research carried out, a conveyor was installed for the maturation period, which allows to correctly plan the harvest. Among the varieties of clones of the Gala variety in the conditions of the south of Russia, the varieties Gala Mast, Gala Schniko red, Obra Galla, which differ in a larger fruit weight (160-170 g), are distinguished by high, competitive commercial qualities. The varieties Gala Schniko, Gala Schniko red, Gala Mast are distinguished by the high content of vitamin C and P-active substances. The most harmonious combination of sugar and acid, reflecting the taste qualities of the fruit, is characteristically for the varieties Obro Gala, Gala Mema, Gala Schniko. The high quality of the fruits sold in winter is largely ensured by the storage technology. To preserve the crop, post-harvest treatment of fruit with an ethylene inhibitor is recommended. Post-harvest treatment of apples with SmartFresh ensures maximum preservation of the initial hardness of the flesh, reduces the intensity of nutrient consumption during storage, and helps to extend the shelf life of apples.

Annotation

Aphids (Aphidoidea), the representatives of the order Hemiptera, are among the main sugescent pests of orchard agrobiocenoses in Russia. The species composition and aphid population dynamics was studied in the educational and experimental fruit orchard of the St. Petersburg State Agrarian University (SPbSAU) (Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg) and at the State Variety Testing Station "Skreblovo" (Luga district of the Leningrad region) in 2019-2020, using Malaise traps. In the 2019-2020 growing seasons, 19 species of aphids were caught in the orchard of SPbSAU. Of these, 6 species are specialized pests of fruit and berry crops (Brachycaudus helichrysi, Cryptomyzus ribis, Hyperomyzus rinanthi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Ovatus crataegarius, Macrosiphum rosae), 7 species are pests of other agricultural crops, and 5 species feed on various tree species. In total, 44 individuals (17 species) were caught in 2019, and 58 individuals (6 species) in 2020. In 2020, 3 species with a total number of 89 individuals were registered at the State Variety Testing Station "Skreblovo". The greater number of recorded insects in the Luga district is explained by the warmer climate of this region. A significant influence of weather conditions on the aphid population dynamics was revealed, especially in late May � June and in August � September. It is noted that the Malaise trap has its advantage over the electric suction trap in that it can be quickly installed in any agrocenosis, while the suction trap is stationary. Therefore, the Malaise trap can be recommended as one of the methods for monitoring aphids.

Annotation

The paper presents the research results of the leafhopper (Metcalfa Pruinosa) aggregation and dispersal in the agricultural landscape of the Krasnodar Territory vineyards. The research was carried out in 2015 � 2019 in the main viticulture zones of the Krasnodar Territory in industrial vineyards of various grape species. The route counting method and generally accepted ecological and entomological methods were used. As a result, M. Pruinosa was found besides the grapevine with even density to inhabit many other plants: three-prickly gleditsia (Gleditsia triacanthos L.), common hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata Poir.), May rosehip (Rosa majalis Herrm.), Prickly plum (blackthorn, or Prunus spinosa L.), bush blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L.), wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), plum (Prunus domestica L.), cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.), Beautiful catalpa (Catalpa speciosa Warder ex Engelm.), flowering maple/ Chinese bellflower (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.). The waxy leafhopper�s (M Pruinosa�s) extensive colonization of forest belts in the agricultural landscape, its population growth, and the pests number dynamics in the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory are shown; the enlisted factors� influence is analysed. The phytophage�s number is higher in the zone proximity to the hearth of pest aggregation, and gradually decreases when moving deeper into the vineyard. The harmfulness assessment of wine and table grape species was carried out. A tendency to reduce the shoots productivity of wine grape species reaches an economically insignificant level of 4.1-4.7%. M. �ruinosa's aggregation on bunches of table varieties leads to a decrease in marketability by 14.2-18.1 %, which proves economically significant damage. To overcome the situation, it is necessary to develop control measures for wax leafhoppers in the vineyards of table grape species. When controlling the pest in ampelocenoses, it is necessary to monitor its foci in forest belts.

Annotation

In modern environmental conditions of ampelocenoses, the areal habitats on grapes of hidden sucking pests, such as the grape felt mite (Colomerus vitis Pgst.) and phylloxera (leaf or gall form) (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (gallicolae) Fitch.) are expanding. The purpose of the research is to assess the vineyards colonization in the Western Ciscaucasia with these phytophages and, thus, estimate their harmfulness. The research was carried out in 2014-2020 in industrial vineyards, according to commonly accepted methods. The results obtained showed the tendency to expand for the studied pests� hostal-topical trophic specialisation and, consequently, the increased pests� economical harmfulness. The studies proved economically damaging harmfulness from leaf phylloxera and grape felt mite in the region, revealed a considerable decrease in the grape shoots productivity and lower concentration of sugars in the bunch overall causing serious economic damage. European grape species of V. vinifera belonging to the Western European group (convar. occidentalis Negr. subconvar. gallica Nem. � Rhine Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Caberhnet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Muller Thurgau) suffer from the most felt mite population. The Euro-American hybrids: Moldova, Bianca, Pervenets Magaracha recently were noticed as hosting the felt mite population, which indicates the expansion of the phytophage�s gostal food specialization. Additionally, for the first time in the Western Ciscaucasia, the felt mite topical specialization appeared in the form of inflorescences and young clusters damages. Complex interspecific Euro-American hybrids most populated by leaf phylloxera in the Western Ciscaucasia conditions are Bianca, Augustine, Moldova, Doina. A complex Euro-American-Amur hybrid is Bruskam, as well as rootstock varieties of American origin are Kober 5 BB and Kober CO4. An expansion of the gostal food specialization as well as the leafy phylloxera colonization of the atypical varieties of V. vinifera belonging to the Western European group was observed, especially, light-colored, medium-ripening varieties (Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Rhine Riesling, Aligote, Pinot Blanc, Muller Thurgau). The joint colonization of the grape leaves of different genotype varieties by the grape felt mite and the leaf form of phylloxera was noted. For both pests, a significant decrease in the shoots productivity and mass concentration of sugars was found with a high degree of damage on the varieties/species.

Annotation

The assessment of the diversity of fungal communities and the study of the bioindicational significance of mycological indicators is relevant for the biomonitoring of ampelocenoses. This article shows the results of studying the quantitative and qualitative composition of communities of saprotrophic micromycetes associated with annual shoots of wild and cultivated grape plants. The study was conducted in 2020 in various districts of the Krasnodar Territory (Western Ciscaucasia). The objects of the study were wild grape plants from the natural conditions of the forest ecotopes of the state reserve "Utrish "(Anapa district) and Krymsky district, as well as cultivated grape plants of 4 varieties of grapes of different genotypes, cultivated in the plantings of JSC agrofirm �Yuzhnaya� (Temryuk district). Studies have shown that the number of saprotrophic micromycetes associated with the annual vine varies depending on the place of sampling and ranges from 232.9...3203.2 thousand. CFU/g of dry matter on wild grapes and in the range of 118.9...344.1 thousand. CFU / g of dry matter on cultivated grapes. The highest densities of fungal populations � 1119.7 and 3203.2 CFU/g of dry matter � were recorded on vines from forest ecotopes, the lowest index of 118.9 CFU / g of dry matter was recorded on vines from ampelocenosis, on wild vines the main share in the studied fungal communities was occupied by hyphal or mold fungi, on average their share was 95.1 %, while yeast occupied 4.2 %, and yeast-like fungi 0.7 % of the complex. On cultivated vines, hyphal fungi also occupied a large part in the structure of fungal communities, but their share was 1.7 times less than on wild plants. Yeast (26.5 %) and yeast-like fungi (18.4 %) accounted for a much larger share.

Annotation

This article provides an analytical review of modern world literature sources aimed at the development of green schemes for protecting pears from the main pear pest, the Psylla pyri L. (Cacopsylla pyricola) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). On the basis of world experience, it has been established that in a warm climate, pear psylla can produce up to 5 generations per year. The timing of treatments with preparations against pear psylla is of great importance, since the recommended insecticides are effective only at certain stages of the pest. The preparations used in the control of the numbers of Psylla pyri L. in pear plantations in various countries of the world are presented. The effectiveness of Insegar, VDG (250 g/kg fenoxycarb), kaolin, erythritol and microbiological preparations based on Metarhizium brunneum (strain F52 containing 5.5 × 109 conidia ml-1 ) and Beauveria bassiana (titre not less than 2x109 CFU/g) against phytophage, as well as data of the application of introduced entomophages Anthocoris nemoralis (F.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), the release of which led to a decrease in the numbers of Cacopsylla pyricola by 31-40 % is presented. The obtained data shows that the eggs laid by females treated in September with phenoxycarb had a high percentage of sterile ones. The applications of kaolin in February and March resulted in almost 100 % reduction in the number of pear psylla eggs. Weekly treatments with 20 % erythritol solution caused 80-85 % death of Psylla pyri. Treatment with a preparation based on Metarhizium brunneum reduced the number of psylla eggs and young nymphs (first and second instars), leading to 88% mortality of the phytophage. The obtained data shows that the application of all these control methods can significantly reduce the numbers of the pest Psylla pyri in pear cenoses.

Annotation

Drying of fruit and berry raw Materials is a complex process of drying up (dehydration) of the fruit mass through the mechanisms of heat-processing. Fruits and berries contain a lot of water, so it is important to understand the course of dehydration in order to obtain a quality final drying product. This article is based on a review of the results of research in recent years aimed at improving the drying technology, which would ensure maximum safety of food and taste advantages of the product, as well as high efficiency of the process. Fruits and berries are a beneficiary of biologically active substances. The results of studies on the application of different methods of drying depending on the type of fruit and berry raw materials are presented: rich citrus, kiwi, mango, fig; dense-skinned apples, plums, pumpkins, citrus peels; small berries. Ready-to-eat dried fruits should have high quality indicators, close to native. In the work are reflected the ways to optimize the drying modes that preserve the chemical and technological indicators of the product quality as much as possible, and at the same time minimizing the costs of heat and energy. It is noted that modern methods of drying are characterized by the intensification of the process of the heat- and mass exchange, which is achieved in various ways: increasing the contact surface between the dried product and the drying agent; reducing the relative humidity of the drying agent; increasing the speed of movement of the dried material and the drying agent. The use of combined drying methods is scientifically established. The process of osmotic dehydration � the main stage of obtaining candied fruit � is considered in detail. The results of the application of osmotic dehydration in combination with the treatment of fruit mass with electric shocks and ultrasound are presented. Attention is paid to ways to improve the functional properties of dried fruits.

Annotation

The relevance of the work lies in the necessity of replacing animal proteins (gelatin and its analogs, fish glue) with vegetable proteins in the processing of wine materials in order to clarify and stabilize them. The influence of potato protein on clarification and physical and chemical parameters of white, rose and red table and liqueur wine materials was investigated. The optimal technological dosages of potato protein were established using trial fining in comparison with the generally accepted gelatin treatment. It was shown that the optimal technological dosages of potato protein, which provided the desired transparency of wine materials, were 2-4 times higher in comparison with gelatin. Dosages of bentonite for complex technological processing were almost identical for gelatin and potato protein. The dynamics of clarification of wine materials was different: when gelatin was added, opalescence was formed in the processed wine materials, followed by aggregation and sedimentation of the sludge. The rapid formation of large aggregates and their settling were noted in case of application of potato protein in wine materials. The volume and weight of sludges in case of using potato protein were 10-15% more in comparison with gelatin. However, the sludges formed during the processing of wine materials with potato protein were denser and less mobile. With an increase in the dosage of potato protein, the turbidity and color intensity of wine materials decline, the mass concentration of phenolic compounds, the sum of colloids and the reduced extract decrease. The volume fraction of ethyl alcohol, mass concentrations of titratable and volatile acids, organoleptic indicators do not undergo significant changes. Based on the studies carried out, the application of potato protein for the processing of wines is recommended.

Annotation

The possibility and feasibility of creating functional food products is considered. It has been shown that grapes can and should be used as an antioxidant with dietary and therapeutic properties. The modern ideas about the formation of food rations, which imply the need to take into account the individual characteristics of the physiology of people for whom the product will be developed, are considered. Abnormalities of the human body, such as oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome, are among the main objects of control. In developing a scheme for analyzing functional ingredients of grapes, the main regulatory provisions of international standards, guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Russian standards, reference data on the chemical composition of Russian food products were taken into account. The analysis of the available information base, the use of which makes it possible to establish the functionality of a food product and/or an ingredient for a functional purpose, has been carried out. A table of contained in grape nutrients that allowed to select the desired composition of grapes has been developed. The work was carried out on the example of the available and obtained properties of resveratrol and flavonoids, sufficiently mastered and recommended compounds of the vine with the studied chemical composition and structure. For the development and systematic use of food products with proven properties, following concepts are disclosed: Functional ingredients and functional products. Three samples of semi-finished products were obtained from the Rylines pink seedlings grape variety: juice, must, juice with the addition of mint. The samples were tested for the content of polyphenols and ascorbic acid. According to the test results, it was determined that juices have the best biochemical parameters for functional purposes. Using the obtained results, on the basis of proven quality control techniques, the feasibility of developing a new methodology for creating demanded and controlled indicators of a recommended for development functional food product was determined.

Annotation

The grape-growing industry is a priority in the agro-industrial complex of Daghestan. At present, when special attention is paid to creating conditions for the production of "protected geographical indication" wines, it is necessary to expand the research of grape raw materials used for their production. In this regard, in the Republic of Daghestan the study of nutritional and technological properties of new autochthonous grape varieties, along with introduced ones is actual, to recommend the production of wines from them that can increase the prestige of local wine products. It is determined that the qualitative composition and quantitative content of pools of aroma-producing substances in red and rose wine materials made from grapes of technical local varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, as well as the Pervenets Magaracha (harvest 2019), grown in the conditions of the Derbent district of the Republic of Daghestan on the plantation of the Dagestan Selecting Testing Station of Viticulture and Horticulture � branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution �North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking�. Aroma-producing substances were determined on a gas chromatograph �Crystal 2000M� (RF). A significant amount of carbonyl compounds (325.48 mg/dm3 ) and esters (252.94 mg/dm3 ) was found in the rose wine material produced from the Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta varieties. The highest total number of higher alcohols (1871.37 mg/dm3 ) and aromatic components (2588.68 mg/dm3 ) was found in the wine material from the red variety Gimra Novaya. A high concentration of 2,3 butylene glycol and a higher alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, was noted. The total mass concentration of volatile acids in the studied experimental samples of wine materials was 439.56-781.28 mg/dm3 . It is determined that the natural conditions of the southern zone of Daghestan are favourable for the cultivation of grapes of autochthonous varieties Gimra Novaya, Fioletta and introduced variety Pervenets Magaracha. Using them as raw materials for obtaining high-quality wine materials will allow you to form in their bouquet the tones of smoky prunes, hints of the taste of pomegranate and blackthorn fruits.

Annotation

The mass concentration of biogenic amines is an important indicator of the quality and safety of food products, including alcohol products. Biogenic amines are formed as a result of the decarboxylation of free amino acids by enzyme systems of microorganisms. It means that their formation has a biotechnological nature and is directly related to the vital activity of microorganisms. Contact of wine materials with microorganisms � yeast and malolactic bacteria, can lead to an increase in the concentration of amino acids and provoke the formation of biogenic amines. In this regard, the purpose of this research was to study changes in the concentrations of biogenic amines and amino acids in the process of alcohol and malolactic fermentation. Conducted studies have shown that the total concentration of biogenic amines in the grape must of both white and red grape varieties was minimal. Biogenic amines � methylamine and putrescine were not detected. It was found that as a result of alcohol and malolactic fermentation, the concentration of biogenic amines increased and the corresponding amino acids decreased. At the same time, the total concentration of all the studied amino acids in wine materials after alcohol fermentation increased, and after malolactic � slightly decreased, because part of the yeast cells was autolyzed during secondary fermentation of the wine materials. At the same time, mass exchange processes between the cell and the medium were activated, leading to enrichment of the wine material with amino acids. Thus, favorable conditions were created for the activation of decarboxylases, as a result of which there was an increase in the concentration of biogenic amines. The obtained data allow to suggest that in order to reduce the level of biogenic amines in the finished product, special attention must be paid to the selection of a race of yeast and malolactic bacteria that are unable to produce biogenic amines or introduce them in minimal amounts.

Annotation

This article proposes a technology for the production of grape spirits from a sweet grape pomace, which consists in fermentation of the grape pomace using a pure growth of yeast, adding yeasty grounds and water, a piquette separation, its distillation with the selection of the head and tail fractions and the secondary distillation to obtain a 94-95 % grape rectified spirit by volume. The distillation of the resulting raw materials was performed on the installation of a LUMMARK consisting of a distiller and a distillation column. The prepared piquettes were subjected to primary distillation using the DV-3 distillator, distillates (raw spirit) were distilled on the RUM-3 distillation column with electrical heating. Primary distillation mode: the volume of the piquette taken to distillation is 50 l, the heating mode before the distillation starts at the power of the electric heater � 3kW (55-65 min). The rectifying distillation mode: the volume of the raw alcohol is 40 l, the heating mode before the selection of the head fraction is started with the power of the electric heater � 3kW (40-55 min). In the preparation of raw materials to primary distillation, it was established that the optimal duration of the fermentation of raw materials for the production of piquettes in order to reduce the content of volatile acids, methanol and other secondary fermentation products that have a negative effect on finished products should not exceed 4 days. It has been established that to obtain high-quality raw spirit, it is necessary to carry out the selection of head fractions in an amount of at least 3 % of the volume for all raw materials, for distillate from grape must of technical varieties of grapes � at least 1.5 % of the volume. It is shown that the organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of rectified grape spirits, produced by the proposed technology, corresponded to the standards established in the standard regardless of the type of raw materials (wine grape, table grape).