Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Improving the assortment of stone fruit crops, including domestic plum, is carried out by various methods of varietal, interspecific hybridization, clonal selection, etc. The efficiency of the breeding process is determined by the initial parental pairs included in the crosses, whether they are donors or sources of valuable traits. In this connection, the identification of more promising for breeding involves a comprehensive assessment to identify their genetic potential, adaptability and productivity in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region where the variety testing is carried out. The aim of the research was a comprehensive assessment of plum varieties of various ecological and geographical origin, concentrated in the NCFSCHVW plum collection, identification of source varieties of valuable traits for use in breeding and renewal of the southern assortment. In the process of variety testing, new data were obtained regarding their biological potential, the manifestation of a set of features important for a new variety: early maturity, adaptability to the most harmful diseases, productivity in the conditions of southern Russia. As a result of many years of field and laboratory studies, sources of breeding-significant traits have been identified for inclusion in hybridization and obtaining new breeding material. It has been established that plum varieties Femida, Top Hit Plus and Presenta are early maturing and in the conditions of southern gardening come into fruiting for 3 years after planting in the garden. Domestic variety Herzog showed resistance to high-temperature stress factors of the summer period. According to resistance to the diseases dominating in the region (clasterosporiasis and moniliosis), varieties Prezenta, Ozark Premier, Andromeda, Dark Sunlight were distinguished, the affection of the leaves of which did not exceed 1 point. The sources of the productivity sign are the plum varieties Olenka, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta, which form a high Yield of 20 t/ha and above with dense planting patterns. The sources of high taste qualities (4.5 points) include plum varieties August delight, Dark Sunlight, Prezenta. The selected sources of valuable traits are recommended for further breeding and renewal of the southern plum assortment.

Annotation

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the leading nut crops. Brown spot Marssonina juglandis P. Magn, caused by the fungus Gnoonia leptostyla Ces. et De Not, the most common and harmful disease affecting walnut plants. The diseaseaffects mainly leaves, shoots and fruits. In wet years with heavy rainfall in the first half of summer, especially favorable conditions are created for the development of brown spotting, which leads to large yield losses, sometimes up to 50 % or more. The purpose of the study is to identify the most resistant genotypes for use in breeding based on a long-term field assessment of resistance to brown spot of walnuthybrid forms. The objects of studyare 21 promising hybrid forms of walnuts bred at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW.Control � variety Rodina. The garden was planted in 2014, according to the layout of 5 × 4 m. The studies were carried out on a natural agrobackground in a selection garden in 2019-2021, in the central part of the Kuban horticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of CJSC OPKh Tsentralnoye, Krasnodar. The degree of damage to the hybrid forms of the walnut Marssonina juglandis P. Magn was assessed using a scale from 0 to 5 points. It was revealed that Marssonina juglandis P. Magn annually causes damage to walnut plants, and the degree of disease damage depends on the prevailing weather conditions. According to long-term data, hybrid forms of walnut resistant to brown spot have been identified: 17-2-35, 17-3-10, 17-3-12, 17-3-13.17-3-16, 17-3-22, 17 -3-24, 17-3-27, 17-3-29, the degree of damage over the years of study of which varied from 1.1 to 2.0 points; the maximum did not exceed 2.0 points. The identified forms of walnut are promising for further breeding for resistance to Marssonina juglandis P. Magn.

Annotation

This article presents grape varieties with the potential for the production of cognacs in Russia. In the Russian Federation, cognacs are produced in Dagestan, the Chechen Republic, the Stavropol region, Kabardino-Balkaria, the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Crimea. There is a wide spread of soil types in the cognac production zones of Russia and climate changes, which imposes certain requirements on grape varieties for the production of cognac wine materials. Varieties for cognac production should have a high adaptive potential, environmental sustainability, stable fruiting against the background of changes in climatic conditions and give cognac wine materials with a characteristic freshness, subtle aroma, an insignificant volume fraction of ethyl alcohol at a relatively high mass concentration of titrated acids. The purpose of the research was to identify grape varieties with potential for cognac production, taking into account the established practice of using European varieties and varieties of inter-species. The objects of the study were grape varieties grown on the territory of the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts for the production of cognac wine materials. The research phase included the period from 2006 to 2021. 16 varieties of grapes, imported classic wine, native to Western Europe and Black Sea basin, and varieties of interspecific origin, including varieties of local breeding, characterized by high yields, resistance to widespread diseases, adaptability to local agroclimatic conditions, have been identified: Aligote, Alyi Terskiy, Bianka, Grushevskiy belyi, Yekaterinodar, Kleret, Kunlean, Levokumskiy, Novokubanskiy, Pervenets Magaracha, Plavay, Podarok Magaracha, Rkatsiteli, Saperavi, Silvaner, Stepnyak. The cultivation of these varieties will allow to obtain stable yields of raw materials of the specified conditions.

Annotation

The natural edaphoclimatic conditions of the Republic of Dagestan are favorable for growing grapes of different ripening periods and different directions of use. The cultivated assortment in the region is mainly represented by introduced varieties, but the potential of local varieties is much higher, so in the future viticulture should rely on local, highly adaptive, high-quality, consistently productive and advanced varieties that give exclusive wine products. The breeding renewal of the domestic grape assortment will allow to successfully solve the problems of import substitution in the viticulture industry of the Republic of Dagestan. The selection of elite grape seedlings took place on the basis of five-year studies. The main criterion for the selection of elite seedlings is stable yield capacity, plant resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to the root form of phylloxera. The created hybrid fund of grapes will serve as a basis for improving breeding work in accordance with the objectives of research. The purpose of the research is to breed high-quality, relatively resistant to phylloxera and fungal diseases, varieties adapted to edaphoclimatic conditions. The varieties should have varietal flavor, the optimal ratio of sugar content and acidity in berry juice, high content of biologically active substances. In the conditions of Dagestan, the Pervenets Magaracha variety shows high adaptability and yield capacity. This variety is widely involved in the breeding program of crosses of the station as a donor of stability. Agrobiological study of hybrid forms of grapes was carried out in the hybrid nursery of DBESV&VG. The article presents an agrobiological and economic and technological assessment of elite seedlings of the station�s new breeding, bred by hybridization of native varieties and the PervenetsMagaracha variety as a donor of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The selected elite seedling 13-6-13 (Khatmi x Pervenets Magaracha) is distinguished by high quality indicators, showed biological endurance in hybrid nursery against a strong infectious background for phylloxera and fungal diseases. The use of the PervenetsMagaracha variety in the breeding of new varieties, with the involvement of Dagestan native varieties, allows obtaining genotypes with high resistance to diseases and pests of grapes in Dagestan.

Annotation

In the unstable conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Anapa-Taman zone, the expansion of the assortment of cultivated grape varieties is very relevant, and allows coping with the annual growing demand for high-quality technical grape varieties for the production of high-quality grape and wine products, at the lowest cost. Thus, our attention was drawn to the Greek interspecific varieties bred jointly with Russian scientists. The article presents the results of economically valuable traits of grape varieties of Greek breeding with colored juice and pulp of the technical direction, laid down by own-rooted seedlings in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. During the period of research following studies were conducted: phenological observations of the studied varieties; agrobiological characteristic; qualitative indicators of berries juice of the studied varieties. When analyzing the data, it was noted that the studied varieties exceed control variety Saperavi in the main indicators. For example, the Academik Trubilin variety has a yield capacity index in c/ ha � 58,8-66,6 c/ha, the Traminer chernyi variety � 146,6-149,0 c/ha, which is significantly higher than the index of control variety Saperavi � 44,0-46,6 c/ha. According to the qualitative composition of berry juice, it was revealed that the sugar content and titrated acidity of the studied varieties is higher than that of the control variety. For example, the sugar content of berry juice of the Akademik Trubilin variety is 21.2-22.5 g/100 cm3 , and the acidity is 6.5 g/l. The indicators of the Traminer chernyi variety are slightly inferior to the previous one, the sugar content of berry juice is 20.8-21.0 g/100 cm3 , the acidity according to the glucometric indicator exceeds the norm and is 7.2-7.5 g/l. The sugar content of berry juice of the Saperavi variety is 20.5 g/100 cm3 , the titrated acidity is close to the Traminer chernyi variety and is 7.5 g/l.

Annotation

Recently, after the adoption of the Federal Law �On Viticulture and Winemaking in the Russian Federation� dated December 27, 2019 No. 468-FZ, interest in the production of wine products from own grapes has increased significantly. In this regard, the cultivation of grape varieties promising for high-quality winemaking, including autochthonous ones, is of great importance. In this regard, the study and evaluation of introduced grape varieties in different growing zones will make it possible to revise the assortment and introduce a �fresh� stream into the breeding programs. The purpose of the research is to assess the prospects of cultivation in ��� �Sober Bash� (foothill zone of the Krasnodar region) of the Italian autochthonous grape variety of late ripening Corvina (Vitis vinifera L.) on the basis of a variety study and analysis of agrobiological, uvological, economically valuable traits and physicochemical indicators. The variety study was carried out in 2019-2021 on commercial vineyards with an area of 0.75 ha, the number of bushes in the variety trial was 15. Vineyards are not irrigated, uncovered, grafted, rootstock is Richter 110, planting scheme is 2.5 x 0.8 m, formation of bush is unilateral Guyot. The Corvina variety, due to the combination of positive parameters (high yield capacity, crop quality, quality of wine), is of interest for cultivation in a non-covering culture with a full range of protection against diseases, as well as for use in breeding programs as a source of quality indicators. The variety has bunches weighing 292 g, berries weighing 1.4 g, the juice is not colored, it accumulates sugar well (up to 27 g/dm3 ), a good balance of acidity (6.1-7 g/l). The tasting score of monovarietal wine is 8.6 points. The disadvantages of the variety include instability to diseases and pests of grapes.

Annotation

On the territory of Krasnodar region, grapevines have been cultivated since ancient times. However, the study of the gene pool of local wild grapes remains an open question. This study is devoted to the research of wild growing grapevines found in the area of Tonkiy cape of Gelendzhik city. The ecological-geographical and climatic conditions of this territory can be considered as a favorable place for the growth of wild grapevines. Seven samples of vines were found, having some similarities and differences in ecological, biological and morphological indicators. Most of the studied samples are dioecious plants � there are samples with male and female flower types. No inflorescences were found on the one specimen. The material for DNA analysis was selected from the found grape samples. DNA was isolated by CTAB method from herbarized apical leaves. Genotyping of wild-growing forms was performed by microsatellite loci: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZag62, VrZag79 which are used as a standard set for grape varieties DNA fingerprinting, as well as by loci UDV737 and CenGen6, which are linked to locus of resistance to downy mildew Rpv3 and powdery mildew Ren9, respectively. Target fragments, the size of which indicates the presence of resistance genes, were not detected by DNA markers UDV737 and CenGen6. The obtained DNA profiles on microsatellite loci showed genetic differences of the vines in the analyzed sample. On average, 5 types of alleles per locus were identified. Cluster analysis of DNA profiling data showed that one of the found vines differs from the rest most significantly, the remaining samples were distributed into two subclusters of two and four genotypes according to the results of the analysis.

Annotation

The yield capacity of tea plantations, the quality of the collected raw materials directly depends on the amount of precipitation, especially in summer. In this regard, the efforts of scientists are aiming on studying the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of tea plants resistance to high temperatures. Stress induction in vitro is an alternative tool for studying these processes in depth. To select drought-resistant genotypes, we simulated moisture deficiency in vitro by adding a selective agent, polyethylene glycol (PEG � 30 g/l), to the nutrient medium. Osmotic stress was studying by conductometric method, in terms of the electroconductivity of tissues and the stability of cell membranes. Of the whole studied group of tea somaclones, only somaclone Sc-27 did not have an increase in the electroconductivity of leaf tissues and a reduce in the stability of cell membranes, which indicates its resistance to water deficiency. On these positions tissue damage in another plants, caused by the action of osmotic stress were observing. The research protocol also included the study of level expression the dehydrin 2 gene � DHN2, as the most informative genetic marker of drought resistance. Conducting PCR analysis showed that under water deficiency caused by the addition of PEG to the nutrient medium, the dehydrin 2 (DHN2) gene showed a high level of expression of Sc-27 somaclone. This confirms the direct relationship between the action of osmotic stress and the level of this marker expression. Significantly increased the expression of DHN2 gene with the addition of PEG, confirms the water deficiency in tea microplants, which is a trigger for the production of DHN2. Thus, during of osmotic stress inducted in vitro, among the studied somaclones of tea, Sc-27 demonstrated high adaptability to water deficit. The PCR analysis confirmed this by showing that the marker of drought resistance, the dehydrin 2 gene, were expressing much higher.

Annotation

The work presents an analysis of territorial distribution of climatic factors that characterize the heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory. The materials used were the SRTM-3 electronic terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term meteorological observation data from 17 meteorological stations in Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2020. To conduct the research, we have collected and analyzed meteorological information, necessary for calculating climatic factors that characterize heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory for grape production. In this regard, six climatic indicators related to the thermal conditions of the territory were selected: the Huglin heliothermal index, the Winkler index, the sum of temperatures above 10 º�, the sum of temperatures above 20 º�, the average temperature of growing season, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 º� to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC. To optimize the location of grapevine plantations, a comparative analysis of consistent patterns of spatial variation in the values of given climatic factors was carried out. It is established that the analyzed factors have similar patterns of variation under the influence of terrain, hydrological and geographical parameters of the territory. Therefore, the classification step of values of every analyzed factor was selected to match the class limits. According to the group of analyzed Factors characterizing the heat supply of the territory, a complex digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of heat supply on the Crimean Peninsula territory was constructed, according to which 5 classes were identified. The achieved developments can provide the basis for agro-ecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of viticultural and winemaking industry of the Republic of Crimea.

Annotation

The article presents the results of studying the graft-rootstock combinations of domestic plum: Kubanskaya rannyaya, Renklod Altana, Velikaya sinyaya, Volgogradskaya, Bogatyrskaya, Zainap, Ispolinskaya, Berbank, Anna Shpet, Anzhelina, in the extremely arid Conditions of the Astrakhan region, Grafted onto medium-sized clonal Rootstocks VVA-1 and Evrika-99. According to climatic conditions, the study area belongs to a highly arid zone with an aridity coefficient of 0.11 ... 0.31 and is the most continental and arid part of the European territory of Russia, characterized by limited moisture, a high probability of dry years and high air temperatures. The absolute annual amplitude of air temperature is 70-80 ºC. There is very little annual precipitation � 250-260 mm per year. Against the background of very high evaporation, the moisture coefficient has very low values: 0.25-0.27. Summers are long and dry; winters are cold and have little snow. A sharp transition f rom an inclement winter to a hot summer, a lack of precipitation, and frequent droughts are a climatic feature of the region. The study of the water-holding capacity of domestic plum varieties in the specific climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region is timely and relevant. As a result of a comparative study of domestic plum varieties in terms of water-holding capacity of leaves in the arid conditions of the Astrakhan region, drought-resistant varieties were identified that are most adapted to the conditions of the region. The Bogatyrskaya variety has a good water-holding capacity on the VVA�1 rootstock, the water loss after withering was 56.3 %, on the Evrika-99 rootstock � the water loss of the Ispolinskaya variety after withering was 60.6 %. The Zainap variety is characterized by low resistance to stressors of the summer period, the water content of which was 42.7 %.

Annotation

The article presents the results of an assessment of the sequestering potential of intensive type gardens for the subsequent use of data f or the purpose of recommendations on their involvement in agroclimatic projects. To date, on the basis of the available modern theoretical knowledge, as well as high-precision laboratory and analytical equipment, leading scientists around the world are monitoring organic carbon. And certain results have been achieved in this direction. Analysis of research by foreign scientists shows that perennial plantings have great potential for providing regulatory ecosystem services, such as the possibility of mitigating the effects of impending climate change due to carbon uptake by perennial plantings and increasing the sustainability of the agricultural industry. There is no doubt that there is an urgent need for careful step-by-step monitoring of organic carbon. In this regard, decarbonization is of strategic importance for agro-industrial regions focused on the intensification of the industry. To digitally assess the carbon sequestering ability, it is necessary to use all possible parts of the tree that fix carbon: leaves, wood of the main trunk of trees and branches cut annually, soil organic matter, including carbon of microbial biomass, as well as final products � fruits. This article presents materials that take into account the volume of fixed CO2 in the branches of trees subject to early spring pruning. Further development of agriculture in the republic may be associated with a large-scale transition of the crop industry, in general, and horticulture in particular to CCS-technologies (carbon capture and storage technologies). Such studies are designed to assist specialized professionals in making forecasts regarding the susceptibility of agricultural production to climate change in the future and indicate the available opportunities in overcoming emerging problems.

Annotation

Despite the increase in the average annual temperature observed in recent decades in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, the problem of winter and frost resistance of grapes remains urgent. The purpose of this work is to reveal the adaptive changes in the metabolism of various grape varieties that arise in response to the climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period, on the basis of physiological and biochemical parameters, to identify resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) � Euro-Amuro-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi � Euro-American origin; Vostorg � Amuro-American origin; Zarif � Eastern European origin; Aligote � Western European origin. It was found that the Krasnostop AZOS variety was distinguished by the greatest decrease in tissue water content (by 10%), as well as an increased content of bound water (48.50% of the total amount) in the middle of winter in comparison with other studied varieties. The lowered temperatures in November contributed to the hydrolysis of starch and its transformation into soluble sugars that protect cells from the formation of ice crystals. In the middle of winter, the starch content in all varieties decreased due to its hydrolysis, and to a greater extent in Dostoynyi varieties (10.38 times), Krasnostop AZOS (9.63 times), Zarif (8.75 times). In addition to soluble sugars, the adaptive resistance of grapes to low temperatures was achieved an increase in the content of anthocyanins in the shoot bark. The maximum increase in anthocyanins (2.69 times) was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety, indicating their significant role in adaptive processes. It was found that, according to the degree of tissue hydration, the content of bound water, anthocyanins, soluble proteins, and the degree of starch hydrolysis, the Krasnostop AZOS variety showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter conditions of 2020-2021 in comparison with other studied varieties.

Annotation

It was found that a deeper (36-40 cm) planting of seedlings with a high bud grafting compared to the standard (5-20 cm) influenced the change in growth processes in various graft-rootstock combinations. Also, these changes have a variety-specific character: in trees of the Prikubanskoe variety, the deepening caused an increase in the diameter of the stem, regardless of the strength of the growth of the rootstocks (SK 2U and SK 7); in the trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, this correlation was noted in combinations with the rootstocks of SK 2U and SK 7. Trees grow better with a slight deepening (15-24 cm) on the rootstock of SK 4. The largest size of the stem of apple trees of the Prikubanskoe and Kubanskoe bagryanoe varieties on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was noted with the greatest planting depth of 36-40 cm in the experiment, which is quite understandable by the features of the architectonics of the fibrous root system of trees on the rootstocks of dwarf growth force. The basic mass of the fibrous roots of these trees are located in the soil layer up to 60 cm, and with increased heating of the upper soil layer, typical for the summer months of the last 10 years, the roots tend to the soil horizons with more favourable humidity and temperature conditions. Analysis of the total yield capacity over 6 years of fruiting showed that an increase in planting depth contributed to an increase in the yield capacity of trees of the graft-rootstock combinations Prikubanskoe/SK 2U and Prikbanskoe/ SK 7; Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 2U and Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 7. The best for yield capacity of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe/SK 4 combination is the deepening of seedlings when planting by 20-24 cm. The genotype of the variety largely determines the productivity of trees of graft-rootstock combinations with different degrees of root penetration during planting � trees of the Kubanskoe bagryanoe variety, regardless of the type of rootstock, reacted more strongly to deeper planting.

Annotation

Based on experimental studies, the production variability of table grape variety Pamyati Uchitelya was established when manipulating the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. Field studies were carried out in the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region, the planting scheme of the bushes is 3.5 × 3.5 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, the rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature at the study area is 12.5-13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, the minimum in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. The grape variety Pamyati Uchitelya has a high production responsiveness to manipulations with the vegetative and generative organs of plants under such agroecological conditions. There is a change in the bunch weight and the grape yield, depending on the load of the bushes with shoots and bunches. The largest bunch weight (0.551 kg) is formed at the lowest load of bushes with shoots of 18 pcs/bush and bunches of 27 pcs/bush in the Central agroecological viticulture zone of the Krasnodar region. The correlation dependence of the average bunch weight of grapes on the number of shoots was very weak, r = 0.1, on the number of bunches � inverse and weak, r = -0.26. The highest yield capacity was at the highest load of bushes with shoots (30 pcs/bush) and bunches (54 pcs/bush) and amounted to 19.40 t/ha. The correlation dependence of yield capacity on the number of shoots on the bushes was weak, r = 0.2, on the number of bunches � medium, r = 0.5, on the bunch weight � strong, r = 0.7.

Annotation

The study of grape growth processes is an urgent area of research in view of their close relationship with the productivity and quality of grapes. And the establishment of the influence of such an important agrotechnical parameter as planting density is a prerequisite for obtaining a consistently high and high-quality grape yield. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of planting density on growth processes, productivity and quality of grapes and wine from the Riesling Rhenish variety in unstable weather conditions in the south of Russia. As a result of the work, the growth processes of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were studied, the dependence of productivity and quality on planting density was established. It was found that in the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and biological stability of grape plants in plantings are observed at a planting density of 2222 pcs/ha (3.0 x 1.5 m). With the crowding of plantings, the length of one-year growth decreases by 7.3-28.9 cm and the leaf surface area of grape bushes also decreases. Thus, with an increase in density by 1.3 times from 1666 to 2222 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 1.4 times, and with an increase in density by 2 times from 1666 to 3333 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 2.5 times. High productivity of Riesling Rhenish grapes is achieved with a planting density of 2222 and 3333 bushes per hectare. At the same time, the quality indicators of grape berries are at a high level, the tasting score is 7.93-7.94 points.

Annotation

A rational feeding area for grape bushes in intensive type plantings has been established. Due to the need to increase the volume of grape production, there was a need to improve the techniques and methods of cultivation of this valuable crop. Since the feeding area of grape bushes has a great influence on the growth, development and productivity of grape plants, we conducted research to determine the optimal planting density for the technical grape variety Tsvetochny. The conducted research has established that the feeding area of grape bushes has a certain influence on the main processes of the vital activity of the grape plant and the complex of economic and biological indicators. Grapes are the main raw material for the wine industry. About 85 % of the world's grape production is used to produce wines of various types. By its chemical composition and physico-mechanical properties, grapes belong to the most valuable types of vegetable raw materials. It is easily amenable to technical processing and provides products with high nutritional, taste and dietary qualities. The phytometric characteristics of the crown of grape bushes, the efficiency of the use of the land area and the trellis plane by the phytomass of plants depending on the feeding area of grape bushes and the influence of the feeding area of bushes on the growth and ripening of shoots are determined. The indicators of fruitfulness at different bush feeding areas and the influence of bush feeding area on the size and quality of the yield were studied. The solution of this issue will increase the efficiency of cultivation of this variety in the conditions of the Lower Don.

Annotation

The cherrybark moth Enarmonia formosana (Tortricidae) causes significant damage to the trunks of fruit crops ( hawthorn, apple, cherry, pear, etc.) in the southern regions of Russia and the countries of southern and central Europe. The phenology of the cherrybark moth in the Leningrad Region has not been studied enough, which determined the purpose of this study. Pheromone monitoring of the flight dynamics of the Enarmonia formosana was carried out in the experimental orchard of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University (Pushkin district) and in the orchard �Skrebovo� (Luga district) in 2008-2009 and 2020-2021. Pheromone materials produced by JSC Shchelkovo Agrokhim (Shchelkovo, Moscow Region) were used, including synthetic sex attractants. Pheromone traps were placed in orchards according to the standard procedure, randomized in triplicate. As a result of trapping moths in conditions of the Leningrad region, a low number (29-31 moths per season) in 2008-2009, an outbreak of mass reproduction (524 moths) in 2020 and moderate development of the pest under the influence of seasonal abiotic factors in 2021 (297 moths) were revealed. The cherrybark moth flight dynamics in those years has been studied in detail. It is assumed that due to the continuing trends of climatic anomalies, the likelihood of a recurrence of favorable weather conditions for the cherrybark moth outbreak in orchards of the Leningrad Region is increasing. Original research and analysis of the literature have found that the cherrybark moth began to occupy a prominent place in the complex of orchard pests under the conditions of the north-west of the Russian Federation.

Annotation

Worldwide studies conducted on various crops, including grapes, show the expansion of the species diversity of mycopathogens due to the appearance of new species. It is reported about the species Alternaria Nees, Fusarium Link, Aspergillus P. Micheli ex Haller, Penicillium Link, Cladosporium Link with pathogenic properties for plants on which they have not been detected before. These fungi cause leaf spotting and exist in pathocomplexes, the structures of which differ depending on the culture, the affected organ, and phenological phase. A complex of fungi was found on the grapes, which causes necrosis of the leaves and serious damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of the plant. A strong development of the disease leads to the death of the leaf plate. In our study, 13 species of fungi isolated from necrotic leaves were found. The dominant fungi are Alternaria Nees, the common Aspergillus niger Tiegh., Mucor Fresen., Fusarium Link. Minor Components are Penicillium Link, Aspergillus flavus Link, Trichoderma Pers., Cladosporium Link. The composition of the mycopathocomplex is dynamic, varies depending on the phenological phase and abiotic conditions. Aspergillus niger Tiegh and Fusarium Link is found on young leaves with necrotic damages together with Alternaria fungi. In hotter and drier July, the number of Aspergillus fungi increases, but the percentage of occurrence of Alternaria and Fusarium decreases. In August-September, on old and weakened leaves, Mucor Fresen was much more common in the mycopathocomplex, which may indicate its necrotrophy in relation to grapes.

Annotation

The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of birth of Safaryan Artem Minasovich, the former director of the Anapa Regional Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking. It highlights the contribution of the famous Kuban scientist � winemaker, talented organizer of scientific research on viticulture and winemaking, in the formation of viticulture and winemaking science in Russia. The wine brands developed under the guidance of Artem Minasovich were produced on an industrial scale and in different years won a diploma of the first degree, 2 diplomas of the second degree, 4 gold medals, 14 silver and one bronze medal at international tastings.

Annotation

Cornus mas L. is one of the most common wild plants in Azerbaijan, introduced into culture and its fruits are among the most beloved fruits of the local population. Unfortunately, these fruits are short-lived and very poorly stored. Fresh, they are not available for a short time. Therefore, they are canned, and the canning of cornel is usually reduced to obtaining compotes and jam from it. This study is devoted to obtaining a concentrated juice base for clear beverages from fresh cornel fruits, given that this area has great potential for processing this specific raw material at a high rate and with high material return. The objects of research were fruits of varieties (Armudu zoğal and Irimeyvəli zogal) and forms (Meşə zoğalı -1, Meşə zoğalı -2) of cornel from the Guba region (Azerbaijan). The studies were conducted in accordance with GOST 16524-2017, which applies to fresh fruits of wild cornel (Cornus mas L.) and cultivated varieties (hereinafter � cornel fruits) harvested, supplied and sold fresh for consumption, as well as intended for industrial processing. Obtaining a concentrated base of beverages was carried out by a method involving heating whole fruits in a stainless steel boiler with the addition of 20 % water to their mass at a temperature of 80-90 ºC before cracking of the fruits, pressing the heated mass together with water, clarification using the food enzyme Fructozym - MA manufactured by ERBSLOH Geisenheim A.G. (Germany), filtration and evaporation under vacuum to a pre-determined residual amount of water. The study of the composition of fresh fruits and juices was carried out by chemical analysis. It was found that fresh fruits and primary and concentrated juices obtained from them have an exceptionally high content of organic acids, tannins and coloring substances and ascorbic acid, which is why they can be attributed to products that can reduce the negative impact on the human body of the deteriorating environmental situation from year to year. The widespread introduction of this method of processing into practice will allow not only to intensify the processing of cornel fruits, but also to obtain a target product that can become the basis of functional beverages.

Annotation

The article presents the results of scientific research by postgraduate students of the Department of Commodity Science, Food Technology and Public Catering of the Dagestan State Agrarian University and their mentors on the nutritional value of fig fruits grown on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. The authors studied the chemical composition of 3 varieties of fig fruits (Urozhaynyi, Brunsvik, Chernyi Pozdniy), grown in the Magaramkent region of the Republic of Dagestan. Data on the content of vitamins, micro-, macroelements and flavonoids of fig fruits in the conditions of Southern Dagestan are presented for the first time. The studies were carried out according to standard generally accepted methods in accordance with the research requirements of GOST 34322-2017. �The fresh figs. Technic specifications�. According to the results of studies, a sufficiently high content of flavonoids (from 251.62 to 310.01 mg%) and anthocyanins (from 227,24 and 285,12 mg%) was determined in fig fruits. Studies of the vitamin composition indicate that the Chernyi Pozdniy variety is rich in ascorbic acid, vitamin A, pantatenic and folic acids, choline, phylloquinone; the Brunsvik variety � β-carotene, niacin, folic acid; the Urozhaynyi variety � niacin and choline. According to the mineral composition: the Urozhaynyi variety contains a greater amount of phosphorus, iron, selenium, nickel, lead, iodine; the Brunsvik variety is distinguished by a high content of sodium, calcium, potassium, silicon, iron, zinc; the Chernyi Pozdniy variety has a high content of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, silicon, copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, manganese. It is proved that fig fruits contain functional food ingredients and can be used for the production of functional products � pastilles, chips, preserves, compotes, jam, fruit pita bread, dried fruits, etc.

Annotation

The grape industry is among the leading in the agro-industrial complex of Dagestan. In 2021, 219 thousand tons of grapes were harvested in the republic. About 70 % of the yield is raw materials for the production of alcoholic beverages. Autochthonous varieties are often used to produce high-quality wines along with introduced grape varieties. The chemical composition of wines is an important indicator of their taste, aroma and health benefits. The presence of amino acids, especially essential ones, in natural wines indicates their functional orientation. The purpose of the research is to determine the qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in experimental samples of wine materials for dry wines made from the technical varieties of the grapes Gimra Novaya, Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta, grown on the plain in the southern viticulture zone of Dagestan. The presence of amino acids was determined in four prototypes of red and pink wine materials using the capillary electrophoresis system "KAPYeL-105", OOO NPF �LUMEX�. The method of measuring the mass concentration of proteinogenic amino acids (MVI M 04-38-2004, St. Petersburg, 2004) was used. From 7 to 11 amino acids are identified, among which partially replaceable is arginine; conditionally indispensable � tyrosine and essential � valine, leucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine. A significant amount of the substituted amino acid proline was found in red wine material from the Gimra Novaya variety � 145.3 mg/dm3 . Also, a significant amount of partially replaceable arginine was found in pink wine material from the Pervenets Magaracha and Fioletta varieties � 3.9 mg/dm3 . The composition and concentrations of representatives of amino acid pools identified in new wine materials from grapes of the local breeding varieties Gimra Novaya and Fioletta, as well as the introduced variety of the Pervenets Magaracha, grown in terroir located on the Caspian plain of southern Dagestan, indicate that these wines are functional products. The use in optimal doses of table dry wines formed from these wine materials will be useful for normalizing the activities of various systems of the human body.

Annotation

The results of studies of the aromatic complex of dry red wines from Cabernet Sauvignon, Dostoynyi, Satsimler grape varieties grown in the Kuban are considered. The studied wine samples were produced by heat treatment of the pulp and the introduction of a complex of components with high antioxidant properties (sulfur dioxide, Tannin SR Terroir, ascorbic acid, Glutarom). It was found that during the heat treatment of pulp with the introduction of antioxidants, it promotes greater formation and extraction of favorable aroma-forming components while reducing components that negatively affect the aroma, such as ethyl acetate, methanol, isobutanol and isoamyl alcohol. The introduction of antioxidant agents � ascorbic acid, Glutarom, as well as their combination with sulfur dioxide, regardless of the method of maceration of the pulp and grape variety, in most cases, contributed to a decrease in the mass concentration of acetaldehyde, diacetyl, ethyl acetate, the total amount of higher alcohols and aliphatic acids. At the same time, the change in the mass concentration of acetoin was associated either with an increase in its content due to conversion from diacetyl, or with a decrease in its amount by reduction to 1,3-butylene glycol. It was revealed that the highest quality of slightly oxidized dry red wine materials made from grapes of the studied varieties was obtained as a result of the use of a combination of antioxidant agents � sulfur dioxide, ascorbic acid and Glutarom � at a concentration of 80 mg/dm3 , 100 mg/dm3 and 250 mg/dm3 , respectively, for both technological schemes for the production of table dry red wine materials from grapes of the studied varieties, which is confirmed by the tasting assessment of wine materials. Thus, by introducing a complex of antioxidant agents, it becomes possible to obtain low-oxidized dry red wines and regulate redox processes occurring both at the stage of grape processing and during its fermentation and ripening.

Annotation

The innovative technology of osmotic dehydration of plant raw materials in combination with the modern method of canning will make it possible to obtain finished products with improved organoleptic properties, nutritional value and use it as a BAS in various food products. Osmotic dehydration technology is based on the immersion of food products in various osmotic agents with different concentrations. The main studies in osmotic dehydration are the concentration and temperature of the osmotic agent. The osmotic dehydration method is also recommended to be used in combination with other methods of preservation and freezing, which allows to obtain the final product with improved nutritional value. The concentration of osmotic Agent (sucrose solution) of 60 % and 70 % and various temperature regimes at 20-30 ºC, 30-40 ºC and 40-50 ºC were studied. It has been established that the temperature and concentration of the osmotic agent is the most important indicator in osmosis technology and affects the rate of moisture loss during osmosis. The drying time of osmo-dehydrated berry raw materials is reduced by half due to the lower moisture content after osmotic dehydration. Studies have shown that the resulting osmo-dehydrated dried berry products can be combined into various food products for enrichment with biologically active substances. It was found that the enriched flour confectionery product contains 383,37 mg% potassium, 30 % more calcium, 42 % more iron than in the control products. Flour confectionery is enriched with ascorbic acid by 100 %, carotene by 93 %, nicotinic acid contains 1,6 times more than in the control sample.

Annotation

The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of small-flowered climbing roses in the conditions of southern Russia. The purpose of the research is to identify the most promising areas for vertical gardening in the central subzone of the Krasnodar region based on the results of a comprehensive assessment. 14 varieties were studied from different garden groups: Hybrid Wichurana (H. Which) � 9 varieties, Hybrid China & Climbimg Hybrid China (Cl HCh) � 1, Hybrid Musk (H Msk) �2, Hybrid Sempervirens (H Sem) � 1, Hybrid Multiflora (H. Mult) � 1. Plants grafted on rootstock Rosa canina L. (R. canina) are grown without cover in winter. Soils � leached, low-humus super-powerful chernozems, pH � 6.8. The comprehensive assessment includes an assessment of the decorative value of varieties on a 100-point scale and an assessment of economic and biological properties on a 50-point scale. According to the Methodology of the state variety testing, the assessment of decorative value is carried out according to 10 main characteristics: flower color, flower size, flower shape and inflorescence, terry, aroma, resistance of flowers to adverse weather conditions, bush habit, originality, abundance of flowering, condition of plants. Instead of the feature �Condition of plants�, it was proposed to introduce the indicator �Duration of flowering (permanent flowering capacity)� with a conversion factor of significance 3. This is due to the fact that modern varieties of small-flowered climbing roses have new characteristics of the �Flowering� phase. When assessing the decorative value of varieties that have received a total of at least 75-85 points, they are considered promising. The following varieties received high scores when evaluating decorative features: Felicite et Perpetue (84), Super Elfin (83), Super Doroty (82), Guirlande d´Amour (91). The assessment of the economic and biological properties of varieties of small-flowered climbing roses is proposed to be evaluated by five features (drought resistance and heat resistance, winter hardiness, disease resistance, self-cleaning, growth rate of the bush) within 50 points. The maximum scores on the results of the assessment of economic and biological characteristics were noted in the varieties: Bobbie James (42), Filipes Kiftsgate (41), Guirlande d´Amour (44). According to the results of the research, the varieties that received a comprehensive assessment of 120 points and higher are among the most valuable and promising for mass reproduction and introduction into the practice of gardening in the south of Russia. The highest scores were observed in the varieties Felicite et Perpetue (122), Super Elfin (122), Guirlande d´Amur (135). The proposed system of criteria for evaluating the decorative and economic-biological properties of varieties allows us to more objectively identify the most valuable varieties for practical use.