Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Issue: 78(6)
Date posted: 20.11.22
Total articles: 27
Total authors: 78
DOI of issue: 10.30679/2219-5335-2022-6-78
The article presents the results of the research work of scientists of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution NCFSCHVW obtained in 2021. Research is focused on solving problems of developing the fundamental foundations of agricultural biotechnology, including molecular biological methods of molecular breeding, methods of managing the breeding process to create new plant genotypes; development of technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops in order to design highly productive agrophytocenoses and agroecosystems of perennial crops, etc. The article analyzes the effectiveness of scientific and technical activities according to the criteria of research, publishing, publication and inventive activity, innovative, educational, financial and economic actions of a scientific institution. As a result of the implementa-tion of R&D, 111 completed developments of fundamental importance were obtained, which form the methodological and methodical basis for the creation of STP of the priority-applied level. Fundamentally new developments in applied research in the fields of knowledge relevant to the scientific institution were 70 developments that improve the quantitative and qualitative indicators of biocenotic and production processes in fruit and grape plantations, technological processes during storage and processing of agricultural products. The gene pool has been preserved 7258 samples of fruit, berry, nut crops and grapes, replenished with 102 variety samples; clones were selected and 5 donors and 37 sources were allocated to create new varieties that combine high potential productivity, winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to the most harmful diseases and pests. One of the most important results of the research was 4 varieties of fruit crops: (apple Carmenta, cherry Yuzhanka, grape Pinot Meunier, rose Yubileynaya). The State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use for 2021 in the North Caucasus (6) region includes varieties: apple Renet Platona, Yunona, cherry Aleksa, quince Kubanochka, grape Dmitriy. Output products in the form of objects of intellectual property for 104 completed developments are registered in the EGISU electronic accounting database. Normative documentation was developed in the form of organization standards, technological instructions and specifications for 43 completed developments.
In 2021, the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, conducted scientific research in accordance with state task No. 075-0471-21-00.01, the main purpose of which was: preservation and replenishment of the gene pool of grapes; breeding of new varieties; research in areas of study of grape-suitable soils; research on the development of methods for the production of red table wines depending on the quality of the grapes and the properties of the terroir. The research was carried out in agroecological conditions of the Black Sea zone of the South of Russia according to generally accepted and adapted methods. The gene pool of the Anapa ampelographic collection has been replenished with 10 varieties: Diana, Moscowskiy rozovyi, Yezendari chernyi, Zhavoronok, Upiter, Tavkveri Magaracha, Bukovinka belaya, Ventura, Vernakhi, Cabernet Myshako. In 2021, work continued on the reconstruction of the ampelocollec-tion, so 508 varieties were planted on the new site. 4300 seeds were obtained and 5 sources of valuable traits were identified to create new varieties, clones and hybrids of grapes, as a result of interspecific hybridization. As a result of research in the field of grape-suitable soils, a Database of grape-suitable soils of the Taman Peninsula of the Krasnodar region was formed and a Technological instruction for the selection and evaluation of soils for grape culture was developed. During the development adaptive tools for managing the phytosanitary resistance of the agrocenosis of the grape nursery garden, it was revealed that the treatment of grape grafting at the production stage with preparations based on microorganisms (Trichoderma viride and Rhizobium radiobacter) contributes to the least spread and development of a complex of patho-gens. In the field of grape processing, an algorithm for the production of high-quality red table wines has been built, depending on the varietal characteristics of grapes and terroir, and the technology for the production of red table wines of predictable quality has been improved. The state task was completed in full, t he publication activity score was 9.57.
The main results of scientific research of the Krasnodar Research Institute of Storage and Processing of Agricultural Products branch of the North Caucasian Federal Research Center of Horticulture, Wine-Making, Winemaking, obtained in 2021 by scientists of the Institute in the performance of the state task in 5 scientific areas within the framework of the implementation of 2 complex topics, as well as data reflecting publication effectiveness and patent-licensing activity are presented. The research work was carried out in accordance with the PFSR in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030) in the direction of: 4.4.1 Storage and processing of agricultural products. Ensuring the priorities of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research in the Russian Federation for the long-term period (2021-2030) provides for the need for scientific research, the purpose of which is to identify patterns of controlled transformation of plant raw materials by a complex of chemical and biotechnological methods in order to develop technological processes of its deep processing and obtaining food systems the specified consumer and functional properties, as well as scientific research, aimed at developing algorithms and tools for managing the processes of increasing the storage capacity of root and cabbage vegetables, strawberries and grapes during storage, caused by technological factors and product features. The results of scientific research have been published in journals 68 scientific articles, among them in journals included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation 33 articles, of which in journals included in the core of the RSCI 15 articles, in journals indexed in the international information and analytical citation system Scopus 9 articles. 25 articles have been published in the materials and collections of International Scientific and Practical Con-ferences. As a result of the conducted sci-entific research, 3 patents for inventions, 1 patent for a utility model and 5 certificates of registration of computer programs were obtained, as well as 6 applications for alleged inventions were submitted to the FIIP.
The article summarizes the results of the research work of scientists from Dagestan Breeding Experimental Station of Viticulture and Vegetable Growing, a branch of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, and Wine-making, carried out in accordance with the State task for 2021 and the Research Plan for 2019-2021 based on the FSR Program of State Academies of Sciences for 2013-2020. The results reflect the main directions of the research work of the station: genetic resources, breeding and variety study, protection of plants from stress factors, obtaining environmentally safe products of grapes, vegetables and subtropical fruit crops. The main objectives of the research work are the creation of new genotypes of grapes, based on the mobilization of the potential of wild species, native and highly valuable introduced varieties with high productivity, product quality and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses; improvement of the methodologi-cal base to accelerate the breeding process of grapes; disclosure of the fundamental mechanisms for the formation of genetic and functional resistance to diseases and pests of grapes, which will create the basis for the targeted creation of new varieties with desired characteristics; scientific and applied bases for obtaining environmentally safe raw materials for the production of functional food products in order to prevent socially significant diseases. The research results obtained in 2021 expanded the base of genetic sources and methodological approaches for creating adaptive grape varieties in the changing climatic conditions of southern Russia, made it possible to expand methodological approaches to managing grape resistance to root phylloxera, the quality of table grapes and own-rooted planting material using physiologically active compounds; con-firmed the fundamental possibility of hormonal control of plant development and the quality of grape, tomato and broccoli raw materials to create environmentally safe functional food products focused on the prevention of socially significant diseases.
The article summarizes the main results of fundamental research by scientists of the FSBI VNNIIViV Magarach RAS in the field of viticulture in 2021, conducted in accordance with the Re-search Plan for 2021-2023, which forms the basis of the State task, and the Pro-gram of fundamental scientific research in the Russian Federation for the long term (2021-2030). The results are the stage of development of scientific, methodological and methodic foundations for ensuring the innovative development of authentic viticulture, improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic products. A trend has been established for a constant, progressive de-crease in the viability of grape plants, a decrease in the productivity of the vine, an increase in the intensity of its damage by various diseases, premature or sudden death under the influence of stressors of various nature. To increase the stress resistance of grape plants, the priorities are: selection and creation of resistant varieties and rootstocks by classical breeding methods; regulation of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of stress resistance; development of elements of technology for growing grapes, reducing the negative impact of stressors; formation of adaptive pest control systems. The stud-ies were carried out on the basis of the cen-ter for collective use Ampelographic collection Magarach, as well as in the production plantations of the leading wine-growing enterprises of the Crimea using generally accepted and original methods for studying the gene pool of grapes. As a result, digital information databases of the complex of morphobiological characteristics of local grape varieties of the Crimea of the Ampelographic collection Magarach, a complex of economic characteristics of local grape varieties of Crimea, sources of valuable biological and economic characteristics, genetic resources of institute Magarach grapes and molecular genetic passports of indigenous grape varieties of Crimea were created; the standard of the organiza-tion was prepared Grapes, fruit, nut-bearing, berry, ornamental crops, water and soil. Determination of bacterial phytopathogens based on polymerase chain reaction; methodology for the development of globular, heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryoids for the induction of pol-yploidy and somatic embryogenesis in grapes; digital cartographic model of agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticulture and wine industry of the Republic of Cri-mea; methodological recommendations on agricultural technology for growing new clones of technical and table grape varieties in the Crimea; a list of economically justified agrotechnical measures for updating standard technological maps for the cultivation of vine plantations; initial requirements for a machine for cutting (chasing) grape shoots, loosening (cultivating) the soil; on a tunnel-type sprayer; methodological recommendations on phytosanitary monitoring and control of development of new pests in ampelocenoses of the Crimea.
The results of research activities for 2021 of the FSBI VNNIIViV Magarach RAS on winemaking, implemented in ac-cordance with the Program of Fundamental Scientific research in the Russian Federa-tion for the long-term period (2021-2030), are presented. A modification of the meth-od for determining the SO2-binding capaci-ty of dry white wines is proposed. The cultures of S. cerevisiae and the Pied de cuve technique were determined, which contribute to the formation of the lowest SO2-binding potential of wine materials. Promising red grape varieties for the production of red sparkling wines have been identified: Ai-Petri, Antey Magarachsky, Ruby Magarachsky, Holiday Magarachsky, Bastardo Magarachsky, Syrah, Morastel, Kefesia, Malbec and others. Natural strains of lactic acid bacteria (ICD) were screened for resistance to technologically significant stress factors: pH, temperature, alcohol and their impact on the quality of wine products. A positive effect on the matura-tion processes and quality of cognac distil-lates has been established by a decrease in the volume fraction of ethyl alcohol and the content of higher alcohols. 13 LAB strains were selected according to their ability to actively ferment malic acid at pH 3.2, and their resistance to pH, temperature and alcohol was assessed. The possibility of production in the Crimea of extracts and concentrates from grape pomace and vines, saturated with polyphenols, including stilbenes, is shown. The elements of the system for diagnosing the crystal stability of wines are substantiated. Groups of promising native varieties for the production of wines, sparkling wines, cognacs and grape polyphenol extracts have been identified. The conducted scientific and research developments will contribute to the development of the production of high-quality domestic wine products, including winemaking with ecological and geographical status, the production of functional grape processing products, which entails an increase in the quality and competitiveness of domestic wine products, import substitution and ensuring food independence of the country.
The article summarizes the results of scientific research conducted by the ARRIV&W branch of FSBSI FRASC in 2021. The research was aimed at preserving and studying the genetic fund of grape plants, creating new varieties with high biological potential, managing the production process, developing technologies for the production of improved planting material, new systems for growing grapes, monitoring and protecting vine plantations from harmful organisms, studying the influence of various factors on growth, plant development and product quality. As a result of the research, new knowledge in the field of viticulture and winemaking was obtained, the mobilization and replenishment of the ampelographic collection with varieties of various ecological and geographical origins continued, valuable genotypes were identified for their use in practical breeding and introduction into production of autochthonous Don varieties. Breeding material was obtained: 3 donors, 32 sources of economically valuable traits; 14 seedlings, 14 promising forms of grapes were selected for the elite. 1 white technical grade was transferred to the State selection test, 1 patent was received. 2 grape varieties are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. Biotechnological techniques for managing morphogenesis at the stages of obtaining a healthy planting material for grapes in vitro culture have been developed. The ways of maintaining non-covering, semi-covering and covering vineyards have been improved, ensuring an increase in yield capacity, economic efficiency and a decrease in the labor intensity of the crop in the conditions of the south of Russia. The ecological, agrobiological, technological parameters of grapes and wine, which affect the quality of grape and wine products, are determined. A comparative study of the ecological parameters of zones and terroirs in the Rostov region was carried out. 3 zones and 7 terroirs identified.
Genetic Resources, Cultivar, selection
In 2011-2021 as a result of the assessment of the gene pool of fruit, small fruit crops, nut-fruited crops and grapes were identified 286 sources of economically valuable traits (resistance to the main fun-gal diseases of fruit, small fruit crops and nut crops, high decorativeness of fruit crops and grapes, self-fertility of cherries and sweet cherries, weak growth of rootstocks, suitability for mechanized harvesting, as well as winter hardiness, large-fruits, productivity of small fruit crops, remontant of strawberries, weak shedding of fruits and dessert taste of honeysuckle, high regenerative capacity after pruning sea buckthorn), including 155 fruit crops (apple trees 81 pcs., pears 11, domestic plums 15, cherry plums 13, apricots 6, cherries 17, sweet cherries 7, sweet cherry rootstocks 5 pcs. .) and 122 samples of small fruit crops (strawberry 19 pcs., black currant 19; red currant 4; gooseberry 35; raspberry 19; blue honeysuckle 11; sea buckthorn 15 pcs.), as well as 7 pcs. of walnut and 2 of grapes. Selected samples of fruit, small fruit crops, nut-fruited crops and grapes are described according to the classifier with a variant of the unified passport descriptors of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources (FAO / ECPGR) for maintaining a passport database and placing information in the international European catalogue of gene pool samples EURISCO. The obtained passports can be used for further research work, as well as identification of samples in subjects of various forms of ownership, scientific and educational institutions.
Control of varietal purity of planting material is a significant factor affecting the productivity of horticultural farms. SCoT markers (Start Codon Targeted) can be attributed to modern methods for monitoring the varietal purity of seedlings of fruit crops, which have the prospect of being introduced into wide practice. In this connection, based on the prospects of using SCoT markers in the identification of plant material, work was carried out to select effective combinations of SCoT markers. An approach based on the creation of markers from two SCoT primers was used to increase the number of possible marking options. The aim of this work was to select combinations of SCoT mark-ers that are promising for apple DNA fingerprinting, which in the future will allow the best combinations to be used in the identification of planting material. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of combinations of SCoT-markers to identify representatives of the genus Malus. The 18 SCoT markers were grouped into 68 combinations based on the preliminary assessment. The selection of effective combinations of markers was carried out according to a number of necessary criteria, such as the high quality of DNA finger-prints and a significant number of polymor-phic amplified DNA fragments. These characteristics are especially significant in the genetic assessment of closely related genotypes. The requirements for the quality of DNA fingerprints increase significantly, due to the large number of identical DNA fragments. About 45 % of the combinations were successful and were selected for fur-ther work as promising. The approbation carried out in the work made it possible to identify promising markers among 68 used ones. Selected DNA markers can be useful in a variety of areas, including the genetic identification of accessions, the analysis of the genetic homogeneity of plants obtained through micropropagation, as well as for performing research on the study of the genetic relationships of accessions.
The reaction norm of grapes of introduced varieties convar pontica negr Rkatsiteli and Saperavi in terms of yield capacity parameters to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The stud-ies were carried out in the period from 1997 to 2011 in unstable conditions of a moder-ate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture subzone (BS1, Taman Peninsula) of the Krasnodar region on southern chernozems. By the years of research, the air temperature varied in a wide range: from 7.2 to 24.4 during budbreak, shoot and inflorescences growth; from 15.5 to 23.3 during flower-ing; from 19.2 to 28.7 during active growth of grape berries; from 16.6 to 25.6 during grape ripening; from 5.8 to 28.7 ºC during vegetation. In some years, the temperature went beyond the optimal values and reached a critical level. The absolute max-imum temperature during the period of active growth of grapes raised to +38 ºC. The studied varieties experienced stress three times during wintering with a de-crease in the minimum air temperature in 1997 and 2002 to 20 ºC, 2006 -24 ºC. The reaction norm according to the yield capacity parameters of the Rkatsiteli grape variety is 77, Saperavi 113 c/ha in unsta-ble weather conditions. The modification variability of the yield capacity of grapes of the Rkatsiteli and Saperavi varieties was most influenced by the air tempera-ture from the second decade of June to the end of August during the period of active growth of grape berries starting immedi-ately after flowering (r = -0.69, -0.22). The average and moderate dependence of yield capacity was also on the minimum temperature in June-October of the previ-ous year (r = -0.48, -0.51). This relation-ship is determined by favorable conditions for the initiation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences for the next year's yield. The relationship of yield capacity with the total precipitation was noted during the period of active growth of grape berries (June-August). The effect of precipitation on the yield capacity at other times was insignificant.
Currently, domestic grape varieties are gaining more and more popularity in the world. And rosé wines are increasing their market share every year. At the beginning of 2022, Roskachestvo awarded the first place in the rating of rosé table wines to the dry rosé Krasnostop anapskiy 2020. The object of the research was wines from grape varieties Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS, grown in the Anapa ampelocollection. The classic grape variety Cabernet Sauvignon was used as a control. The article presents materials on the history of creation and agrobiological, technological and economic indicators of the grape variety of the Anapskaya ZESV&W breeding Krasnostop Anapskiy. The amount of anthocyanins in wine materials from Krasnostop varieties of Anapa exceeds the data on these components in the control variant. The mass concentration of phenolic substances and their monomeric forms in the wine materials of the Krasnostop anapskiy grape varieties is higher than in the quality control of red wines Cabernet Sauvignon, which indicates a high accumulation of phenolic substances in this grape variety. Krasnostop anapskiy and Krasnostop AZOS on the organoleptic properties of wine materials received good results 8.79 and 8.78 points. From 1968 to the present day, wines of various types and styles from Krasnostop anapskiy, produced by AZESV&W winemakers, have received more than 10 awards at various levels at the most prestigious international exhibitions and competitions. This grape variety has high potential and great prospects in light of the global trend of its use in winemaking.
The study of wild-growing vines allows to expand fundamental knowledge about the diversity of the grape gene pool, and wild vines are also studied in order to identify potential sources of resistance to stress factors of growing conditions. Powdery mildew resistance gene Ren1 is one of the few pathogen resistance genes identified in Vitis vinifera. Its presence has also been found in some vines of V. vinifera ssp. silvestris Gmel. The aim of this work was to study wild-growing vines found in the Krasnodar region with DNA markers of Ren1 powdery mildew resistance gene in order to search for potential donors of resistance. The study was conducted on 35 genotypes of wild growing vines, selected at several geographical points of the Krasnodar region along the coastline of the Black Sea and the Kuban River. Polymorphism of Ren1 locus was studied by PCR using cosegregated markers SC8-0071-014 and sc47-18, followed by assessment of the size of amplified fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis on a Nanofor 05 device and statistical processing in the GenAlEx 6.5 program. As a result, in the studied sample of genotypes, a rather high polymorphism was revealed for studied microsatellite loci (SC8-0071-014 18 types of alleles, sc47-18 8 alleles) an average of 13 alleles per locus was determined. In the prevailing majority of genotypes, the heterozygous state was determined for the studied loci, which is reflected in the indicators of expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity: the observed values exceed the expected ones. The resistance alleles of Ren1 gene were not found in any of the studied samples of wild grapes.
Seedless grapes are in great demand in the world. On the basis of the mass of seed rudiments, varieties are divided into 4 classes from almost complete absence to fairly large seed primordia. Large size grape berries of 1-2 class of seedlessness are especially attractive for the consumer. The aim of the work was to study the manifestation of the trait of seedlessness in a group of varieties belonging to seedless varieties of various origins and the class of seedlessness, growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. Research was carried out in 2019, 2020 and 2022 on 16 grape varieties Attica, Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish rozovyi, Kishmish safed okruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Yangi Er, Bessemyannyi Magaracha, Vanessa, Kishmish Zaporozhskiy, Lotus, Mars, Pamyati Dombkovskoy, Pamyati Smirnova (Assol), Rusbol, belonging to the group of seedless varieties of various classes of seedlessness and different origin (V. vinifera and interspecific origin). Determination of the mass of rudiments in the berry was carried out after dehydration of a sample of seed rudiments from berries. The smallest mass of seed rudiments in a berry was determined in varieties Kishmish belyi oval'nyi and Kishmish kruglyi. For three years of research, varieties Kishmish belyi kruglyi, Kishmish belyi oval'nyi, Kishmish kruglyi, Kishmish Sogdiana, Mars were singled out as having consistently shown the first class during the years of study, t he Bessemyannyi Magarach variety had the second class of seedlessness, and Pamyati Smirnova (Assol) and Rusbol had the fourth. In the rest of the studied genotypes, the variation of the trait of seedlessness by classes during the years of study was determined. The highest average berry weight was determined in the varieties Attika (3,9 g), Pamyati Smirnova (3,3 g) and Kishmish Sogdiana (3,2 g).
The publication presents the results of a study aimed at assessment of introduced ultra early-maturing forms of walnut according to such traits as fruit ripening time, plant habit, f ruit-bearing type, ratio of fruit setting from lateral and apical buds, number of fruits in nut cluster, fruit characteristics, including a number of biochemical parameters. Based on the results of the observation, it was concluded that there is a trait of restrained growth in all the studied samples. At the same time, the level of compactness of crown branching had insignificant differences. The degree of crown compactness in all samples, with the exception of sample 16-SI-6, is comparable to the Dachnyi variety. The indicated sample had a more compact crown close to spur. It was found that all the studied samples have a lateral type of fruit-bearing (from 50 to 8 0% of the fruits are formed on lateral shoots). It has been established that the formation of nut clusters with two or three fruits, which, along with lateral fruit-bearing, contributes to an increase in productivity potential. According to these features, all studied forms are sources of traits. Taking into account such characteristics as the yield of the kernel, color and its extractability, the following most promising samples can be determined: 16-SI-5, 16-SI-6, 16-SI-10, 16-T-1, 16-T-2. They are sources of a set of selection-valuable traits and can be used in breeding. Based on the data of biochemical analysis, a sample 16-SI-2was identified, which has an increased content of biologically active substances, as well as fats, which may be the basis for its use in breeding according to these traits. The forms 16-SI-6 and 16-T-1 can be further considered as candidates for the varieties most promising for use in the private sector.
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
The work is devoted to the development of an algorithm for the allocation of terroirs on a given territory, ensuring the yield of grapes with specified qualitative characteristics. It is proposed to use methods of mathematical and geoinformation modeling, digital relief models, long-term meteorological data and soil maps of the analyzed territory. When working with cartographic data, it is proposed to use such methods as vectorization, rasterization, recalculation of rasters, classification and reclassification of rasters, overlay analysis. Agroecological factors that have the greatest impact on the formation of grape quality are identified and methods of their assessment are proposed, taking into account spatial variation under the influence of terrain and other terrain features: sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, average of absolute minima of air t emperature. This set of indicators is recommended to be used for the allocation of object-oriented grape-wine terroirs. Suggestions for using the algorithm to search for territories with specified parameters of soil and climatic conditions are given. The developed algorithm makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the ampeloecological assessment of the area, simplify and automate the process of selecting optimal lands for obtaining a given type of high-quality viticultural and wine products. The algorithm takes into account the features of spatial variation of the analyzed factors and allows you to accurately calculate the value of a factor at a given point, and also implies an integrated approach in assessing a large number of factors most significant for product quality.
MICROZONING OF GRAPE PLANTATIONS ON THE BASIS OF DIFFERENCE NORMALIZED INDICES FROM SATELLITE IMAGES
The purpose of the study is to determine the principles for the allocation of microzones of grape plantations according to the normalized indices of satellite images within the framework of the concept of terroir (a set of optimal soil, climatic factors and terrain features for wine varietal indicators). Vineyard microzoning can be carried out according to the physical and chemical composition of the soil, temperature fields, air and soil humidity, terrain morphometry, exposure and slope grade. The use of spectral data on the state of soil, plants, and the environment makes it possible to evaluate the parameters of terroirs by difference normalized indices. In the vineyard, it is possible to distinguish micro-sites with different terroir properties, which is manifested in the growth force of the bushes, their yield capacity and the degree of ripening of the grapes (in terms of sugar, acid and pH) and is reflected in the varietal indicators of the wine. Therefore, multispectral satellite images are an objective basis for assessing and identifying vineyard micro-sites with different terroir properties. Reliable interpretation of spectral satellite images is possible in the presence of reference data on soil indicators, the growth force of bushes according to phenophases, agricultural work carried out in the vineyard and row spacing, soil and air moisture. The joint analysis of satellite and ground data allows not only to reduce the number of route and field surveys and laboratory analyzes, but also to quickly make agro-management decisions on the use of the necessary resources. To solve this problem, it is possible to use open spectral data from the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7-8 satellite platforms with a frequency of 2 to 5 days. The presence of a direct relationship between soil moisture, leaf area and yield capacity allows to determine the optimal micro-sites of high-quality winemaking for vine plantations of one variety on the basis of normalized vegetation indices NDVI, soil moisture NDMI and others.
Breeding and production of planting material
In vitro micropropagation of garden strawberry and the establishment of micropropagation protocols are important tools for obtaining large quantities of planting material. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to propagate berry crops in vitro in order to obtain virus-free plants of high quality. However, despite the large number of studies on micropropagation of garden strawberry, the modification of the main method remains relevant today, since each variety has its own specific requirements for in vitro cultivation conditions. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to determine the characteristics of clonal micropropagation of garden strawberry variety Malvina. As a result of the work carried out, it was noted that it is effective to use a 0.5 % aqueous solution of OKA-TAB disinfectant tablets for sanitation of strawberry explants of the Malvina variety (exposure 5 minutes). The processing efficiency was 82.5 %. It has been established that at the stage of micropropagation of the strawberry variety Malvina, it is most effective to use the Murashige-Skoog medium with a kinetin content of 1.0 mg/l, which allows to obtain up to 15 shoots per explant. It was revealed that the strawberry root formation proceeds effectively on a hormone-free environment, in which from 4 to 6 roots are formed, the percentage of root formation was 95 %. The use of the microbiological preparation EM Bio at the stage of acclimatization of garden strawberry microplants to non-sterile ex vitro conditions contributed to an increase in the intensity of vegetative growth by 45-50 %. The plants had a stronger root system (56 % longer than in the control), and a higher adaptive capacity to ex vitro conditions.
Fruit crop virus has a negative effect on the timing of ripening and quality of fruit-bearing of plants. Virus free plants should be used for orchard set-up. Plum virus pox disease is a serious threat to horticulture because it has a wide range of host plants and able to spread in orchards in a short time. Methods for effective diagnosis of this virus are of high importance for the production of virus-free planting material. This work presents the results of testing and optimization of the method of plum virus pox disease diagnosis using PCR method with reverse transcription, as well as the evaluation of its effectiveness in comparison with commercial kit. Various tissues of PKSK 1, AI 1, VSL 1, and Gizela 5 rootstocks obtained in apical meristem culture and plum plants of Stanley cultivar ere used as the material. The concentration in the ratio of Oligo dT (Oligo(dT)15-primer) and Random (Random (dN)10-primer) primers we added was optimized (1:2), in order to increase the yield of specific viral cDNA fragments. The primer pair of the amplification control was matched to the region of the gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. For comparative evaluation, cDNA samples from plants obtained in vitro apical meristem culture and samples from symptomatic plants were used. After obtaining the preparation of total RNA, reverse transcription and amplification of the obtained cDNA were performed, followed by analysis of the products on an agarose gel. No nonspecific amplification products and single-stranded DNA were observed in the samples. Amplification products of positive controls were observed in all samples examined. The method we studied showed high efficiency compared to the control method.
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
In recent years, obtaining stable high yields of apple trees is limited by the impact of unfavorable factors of the winter period, including those resulting from local climate change. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the adaptation stability of the apple tree to winter stress on physiological and biochemical parameters, allocate the most stable varieties for the cultivation in the conditions of the Krasnodar region. Objects of research were the varieties of apple trees of various ecologic-geographical origin: Orfey, Idadred, Ligol, Prikubanskoye. Comparative studies of these varieties in the parameters of the water regime, the content of water-soluble sugars, soluble proteins, anthocyanins during the winter periods of 2020-2022 were carried out. It was revealed that the studied varieties of an apple tree in the conditions of an unstable climate of the South of Russia implement a similar mechanism for the formation of winter hardiness, which has quantitative differences in the content of some metabolites in the pre-winter and winter periods. It has been established that the cryoprotective function of water-soluble sugars has manifested as much as possible in the varieties Orfey and Ligol, their content increased by 2.57 and 2.69 times, respectively. Soluble proteins have made the greatest contribution to the formation of a protective response in varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoye in January, their content increased by 1.78 and 1.92 times, respectively, compared to December. The protective function of the anthocyanians was maximally manifested in December in the Orfey variety, in the bark of which there was an increase in their content by 5.23 times. The physiological and biochemical adaptation of the apple trees to the low temperatures of the winter period is achieved by increasing the fraction of the bound water in the total water content, increase the content of water-soluble sugars, proteins and anthocyanins in the bark and buds. According to the obtained data, the apple tree varieties Orfey and Prikubanskoe proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the pre-winter and winter periods and are recommended for cultivation in the Krasnodar region.
The problems of grape resistance to low-temperature stresses in the Anapa-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region remain relevant, and achieving higher frost resistance of the variety is an important task of the breeding program. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative assessment of the response of grape varieties to artificially induced lowtemperature stress by the activity of peroxidase, the content of malondialdehyde, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid; to identify frost-resistant varieties. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. It was found that the studied grape varieties respond to stress by stimulating the functioning of the antioxidant system, the protective effect of which is determined both by the activation of peroxidase and the accumulation of low-molecular antioxidants (anthocyanins, ascorbic acid). Differences in the functioning of the antioxidant defense system of different grape varieties have been established. It was revealed that in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg, the role of peroxidase in the suppression of oxidative stress is quite large, an increase in its activity was noted by 1.05 and 1.42 times, respectively. It is shown that anthocyanins made the greatest contribution to antioxidant protection in the Kristall and Dostoynyi varieties, after stress, t heir content decreased by 4.4 and 4.0 times, unlike the other studied varieties, in which a decrease was observed by 1.3-3.0 times. It was revealed that ascorbic acid is a mandatory participant in the antioxidant defense system in all varieties, after stress, an increase in its content was noted by 1.06-1.52 times. On the basis of generalized physiological and biochemical studies, it was revealed that the varieties Kristall and Krasnostop AZOS have increased frost resistance, followed by Dostoynyi, Vostorg; the varieties Aligote, Zarif are characterized by reduced frost resistance.
General agrotechnics (systems, technology)
The research is devoted to the study of the influence of spring period low positive temperatures on the peculiarities of the apple trees winter varieties development in plantings of different type to substantiate the possibility of assessing the degree of their resistance to an unfavorable factor and agrotechnical approaches to its improvement. The laboratory and field experiments (2021-2022) were carried out in traditional and organic apple tree plantations of the third and fourth age periods that were laid down in the experimental training farm Kuban of the Kuban State Agrarian University (leached chernozem soils). According to the observations results, in the spring months of recent years in the southern region of Russia, a manifestation of hypothermia was noted, coinciding with the passage of the VI (micro- and macrosporogenesis) VIII; IX (completion of gametogenesis, flowering and fertilization) stages of organogenesis in apple plants. The resistance of apple trees (Liberty, Florina varieties) to the action of low positive temperatures is determined by the ability of the plant organism to restrain the development of generative buds when unfavorable conditions occur. Plant stability manifestation is promoted by the use of the organic garden management system that ensures maximum implementation of self-regulation mechanisms of its components. At the same time, within the framework of traditional plantings, apple trees of various varieties (for example, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Renet Simirenko) are less able to withstand adverse effects. It is determined that the application of spring foliar top dressing with organic fertilizer Chelate Antistress against the background of the manifestation of the temperature stress factor optimizes the photosynthetic activity of plants and the distribution of plastic substances between vegetative growth and the process of productivity formation, leading to a sharp weakening of the first third waves of the forming ovaries and fruits falling, and as a result, a significant (20-28 %) increase in the economic yield and a decrease in the periodicity of fruiting.
Phytosanitary condition of plants
The article presents the results of studies of bioecological features of the development of pathogens apple powdery mildew Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. et Ev.) Salm., cherries and sweet cherries coccomycosis Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx; pests cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L., pear psylla Psylla pyri L. in changing weather conditions for the development of protection technologies. The research was carried out in different zones of the Krasnodar region in field and laboratory conditions using methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques for the protection of perennial plantings. The most spread of powdery mildew was on highly susceptibility varieties specifically Idared 7.5 %, Jonagold 2.5 %, Florina 3.7 %; on mediumsentient varieties Geneva Early 6.0 %, Golden Delicious 2.2 %, Reinet Simirenko 4.6 %; on low-sentient varieties Gala 4.2 %, Crimson Crisp 0.7%, Slava peremozhtsam 2.0 %, Prikubanskoe 2.6 %. The period of the beginning of the spread of the primary infection of coccomycosis in optimal weather conditions is before the flowering of cherries and sweet cherries, the period of mass dispersal of ascospores was during flowering. Appearance of the first signs of the disease was in the phase of the beginning of fruit ripening. By the 3rd decade of August, the spread of coccomycosis on highly susceptible cherry varieties was up to 70.0 % with an intensity of 37.0 %. It was revealed that due to warming and the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties, the distribution area of the cherry fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. has expanded. In the growing season of 2022 the first individuals of the phytophagus in the cages were marked on May 19 years and mating at the end of the 3rd decade of May, oviposition was observed from the first decade of June. The maximum number of phytophages is 13 individuals/trap in 3 days, marked on June 6, the first damaged fruits were recorded on June 8. It has been established that two types of psyllas are found in the agrocenoses of pears in the south of Russia: Psylla pyri L. (common pear psylla) and Psylla pyrisuga Frst. (large pear psylla). The most harmful was P. pyri L., the number of phytophages in the last decade exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (10 eggs per 10 cm of branch) by 8-12 times. The first ovipositionof the pear psylla was marked on March 30 in the phenophase of the pear resting bud at the sum of the effective temperatures of 40.1 ºC which is 21 days later compared to 2021. Full cycle of development from imago to imago lasts with the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 300 ºC, develops in 6 generations.
The article presents the results of a study of endophytic communities in the conductive organs of grapes, which is cultivated in the ampelocenoses of the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. In the course of the work, the microbiota of annual and perennial conducting organs of Moldova and Merlot grape varieties was isolated, the diversity of bacterial endophytic communities was studied, their taxonomic structure was analyzed, and the dynamics of their phenotypic diversity depending on grape phenophase was demonstrated. Based on the results of the work, a preliminary conclusion was made about the differences in the taxonomic structure of bacterial endophytic communities from two varieties different in genotype and from two substrates of grape conducting organs differing in properties. The total number of isolated endophytic bacteria was 93 strains. The bacterial communities of the Merlot variety showed greater taxonomic diversity than the bacterial communities of the Moldova variety. Most of the isolated strains belonged to Firmicutes (38 strains) and Actinobacteria (36 strains). Proteobacteria (12 strains) were represented in a smaller number. We identified 42 bacterial strains, including Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus sp., Kocuria sp., Paenibacillus sp., Dietzia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Rothia sp., Staphylococcus sp. Among the identified groups, strains of the genus Bacillus were the most diverse. Some genera of bacteria have been observed only in specific substrates. Thus, strains of the genus Acinetobacter were isolated only from annual vines of both varieties, Dietzia and Paenibacillus only from annual vines of Moldova, Pseudomonas and Rothia from perennial Merlot wood, Kocuria from both communities of Merlot varieties, but one-year data need to be confirmed in further studies.
The article substantiates the need to develop a technology to increase the resistance of fruit crops to harmful objects in the conditions of climate change. An assessment of the impact of climate change on the stability of fruit agrocenoses is given: changes in temperature regime and water availability, as well as increased chemical and technological pressure on agrocenoses have become the main factors in the increase in the harmfulness of phytophages; the main manifestations are expressed in the adaptation of phytophages to changes in abiotic factors, changes in the life cycle of dominant pests and a decrease in their sensitivity to insecticides, the appearance of more resistant strains of phytopathogens, changes in the species composition of harmful insects and ticks. Experimental data on the formation of the functional structure and types of response of phytophages to anthropogenic impacts in intensive apple plantations in changing weather conditions of the environment are analyzed. A comprehensive analysis of permitted insecticides for the control of apple moth in the growing season of 2022 was carried out. A system of ecological and economic indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of regulations for the effective use of biological and biorational agents of controlling harmful species in apple plantations is proposed, including the following indicators: background content of pesticides in trophic bonds, the number and species diversity of entomophages, the time of the last treatment (days before harvest), LD50 content, the level of realization of the productive potential of plantations, preservation of the biologically set yield of the current growing season, costs for the purchase of plant protection products, structural indicators-resource security and balance of production processes and the restoration of resource potential, the level of profitability sufficient for the implementation of current production activities.
Processing of fruit and berries production and grapes
Apple juice is one of the most popular drinks among the population. The content of physiologically valuable components is one of the most important indicators of juice quality. It is equally important to preserve the healing properties of apple juice during storage with the desirable use of natural preserving agents. An infusion of bracken fern can be used as a natural preserving agent. The objects of the study were apple juices of direct pressing, extracts of bracken fern. Generally accepted and instrumental methods were used for analysis. Experiments related to sensory analysis were carried out in the laboratory. As a result of the work, the composition of several variants of apple juices for preservation, in which fern extract was used, was studied. Fern extract was obtained using hydrochloric, malic, citric acids in molar concentration. It is established that the maximum content of biologically valuable substances is found in extracts of hydrochloric acid. Extracts obtained with malic and citric acids were used to study the canning process of experimental apple juices. It is shown that the use of fern extract with malic or citric acids in dosages of 0.025-0.1 % ensured the stability of apple juices during the guaranteed period of storage. The degustation of apple juices carried out by the expert commissionconfirmed the immutability of their taste characteristics. It was noted that the introduced fern extracts practically did not change the physico-chemical composition of the juice. As a result of experiments, the limiting amount of the dosage of fern extract was found, equal to 0.2 % of the juice volume, which begins to lead to a change in the taste characteristics of apple juice and lower its quality indicators.
Clonal breeding of grapes is one of the methods of variety improvement, which allows to identify the genetic variations of the variety most adapted to climatic and soil growing conditions. More than three thousand clones have been registered in the world, most of which are 1.5 times more productive than mother plantations. The search for adapted genotypes to the agro-climatic conditions of the Temryuk region is a promising task, since about 30 % of grape plantations in the Krasnodar region are located in this area. Higher productivity of clonal breeding can be expected when working with varieties of old origin. Saperavi is an ancient Georgian grape variety, one of the best Georgian varieties for winemaking. The purpose of our research is to isolate new clones of the Saperavi variety, adapted to local growing conditions. An analysis of the climatic conditions of the Temryuk region indicates an increase in the aridity of the territory (the period of 1991-2020 compared to 1961-2020), an increase in the average absolute maximum air temperature and an increase in the frequency of temperatures below minus 20 ºC. In the Temryuk region, in industrial plantations of the Saperavi variety, an expeditionary survey was carried out to identify bushes for inclusion in further study as candidates for clones of the Saperavi variety. As a result of the survey, according to a complex of positive characteristics, 4 bushes were identified for further observations and records. The selected samples according to the microsatellite DNA profile correspond to the Saperavi variety. Experimental samples of grapes were used in the preparation of red table wines by fermentation of the must on the pulp in the micro-winemaking department. All experimental samples of Saperavi wines had similar values in the concentrations of sugars and titrated acids. The mass concentration of the given extract in the experimental samples of dry wines was in the range of 26.1-28.8 g/dm3.
Decorative shapes of garden rocks and grapes in the landscape construction
In the Krasnodar region, as well as in the whole south of the Russian Federation, viola Vittroka is one of the most common flower plants for use in greenification and landscape design. The seedling method of cultivation for this crop is the main one. In this regard, the purpose of the conducted research was to establish the optimal feeding area and cell configuration, contributing to the production of high-quality seedlings when grown in cassettes for two varieties of viola common in the Kuban (Krasnaya Shapochka and Krylya babochki). The research was carried out in 2020-2021 in a winter glazed greenhouse and on the experimental site of the vegetable growing department in the botanical garden of KubSAU. It was found that the smallest feeding area in the experiment (4 cm2 ) led to the complete death of all plants in the phase of 5-6 leaves. The feeding area of 25 cm2 contributed to the earlier timing of the onset of phenological phases, but a decrease in the size of the leaf blade and a decrease in the intensity of flowering plants in the ground. A large feeding area (49 cm2 ) during the cultivation of seedlings slightly slowed down the formation of generative organs in the studied varieties, but contributed to an increase in the leaf apparatus due to the size of the leaf blade, as well as the intensity of the flowering process in the open ground. The largest number of generative organs of viola plants was formed by midJuly from seedlings with a feeding area of 49 cm2 : this indicator was 11 pcs in the Krasnaya Shapochka variety; 12 pcs in the Krylya babochki variety. In August, due to high temperatures and low humidity, the splendor of flowering decreased in all variants of the experiment. The configuration of the cell did not have a significant effect on the rate of passage of the phenophases of viola plants, the rate of leaf growth, the nature of flowering, both in the seedling period and when growing plants in soil conditions.