Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The development of horticulture requires the maximum realization of the biological potential of productivity by plants. The cultivation of perennial crops on high-carbonate soils in the south of Russia and, in particular, the Crimea, limits the increase in productivity by the weak availability of macro- and microelements contained in the soil. Domestic horticultural science has moved in the direction of the selection of carbonate-resistant rootstocks and the application of plant topdressing. Abroad, on similar soils, at the same time, the possibility of reducing carbonate content by using sulfur-containing ameliorants is being studied. This direction has been little studied in our country and requires detailed consideration in model or production conditions. The field trial of studying the effect of chemical sulfur-containing ameliorant in preparing the soil for laying the orchard was carried out in the period from 2014 to 2020. At the same time, not only granulated sulfur was used as options, but also as an event generally accepted in the region � the introduction of large doses of phosphogypsum. Also, as a measure for a faster transition of sulfur to the active state, one of the options was with sowing mustard in the rows of the orchard for subsequent grinding and embedding in the soil. Due to the introduction of granular sulfur for plantage treatment, a decrease in soil carbonate was achieved. At the same time, the application of phosphogypsum had no effect on the reaction of the soil solution. The use of phosphogypsum as a chemical ameliorant positively affected the productivity of perennial plantings by 35%, however, it is possible to achieve an increase in yield capacity through the application of sulfur followed by sowing mustard in row spacing (the increase in the first yield compared to the control is 105 %).

Annotation

Modern agriculture is impossible without the use of plant protection products against pests and diseases, which, with their free development, significantly reduce the productivity of plantings and the marketability of the harvested crop. Research conducted in this direction abroad is aimed at using predictive mathematical models that link environmental factors that are significant for the pest and its development. At the same time, the system of intellectualization of such a forecast is increasingly being used with the use of artificial intelligence methods that independently form models based on constantly accumulating information databases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an automated program for forecasting the development of the oriental fruit moth, developed on the basis of the temperature factor of the environment for the subsequent selection of an optimal adaptive plant protection system for perennial crops. To compare the results of the automated calculation of the development of the eastern fruit moth with objective data in the field, we carried out observations of the calendar dates of the butterfly flights and overcoming the economic threshold of harmfulness (ETH) on pheromone traps placed in peach plantations, on which chemical treatments with insecticides were not carried out in the period from 2019 to 2022. In the course of the research, a useful computer program was developed to determine the calendar dates of the development of the oriental fruit moth based on air temperature data using flexible logical algorithms. It is established that the variability of the terms of individual development of the pest provides an increase in the phase periods with each successive generation. The use of a computer program will allow us to develop a system for protecting trees from pests, as well as to adjust the timing of measures depending on objectively changing indicators of the conditions of the year.

Annotation

At the present stage, with an increase in the volume of consumption of grape-growing products, it is necessary to carry out a monitoring forecast of the possibility of its production for each individual variety or scion-rootstock combination, depending on edaphoclimatic conditions and cultivation technology. This is possible only if predictive models of the behavior of the grape variety or its scion-rootstock combination are developed in the grafted culture in various ecoagrobiocenoses. The purpose of the study was to consider methodological approaches to the creation of mathematical models for predicting the behavior of an individual variety or groups of grape varieties, depending on the abiotic and agrotechnological characteristics of cultivation. To achieve this goal, a previously created database was used, obtained during an experiment conducted on the basis of uterine plantations and an open grape school of the Institute "Agrotechnological Academy" of the V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, collected in the period from 2018 to 2021 and subjected to multidimensional regression analysis using the developed program. The total number of items included in the database is 1,860. (31 parameters). The research proved the possibility of developing regression models for predicting productivity using nonparametric digital introduction of varieties, as well as environmental factors. It is established that regression models characterizing the quality of the vine, taking into account varietal characteristics and weather conditions, can vary depending on a particular variety. Thus, a similar model for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety is fundamental with a multiple correlation coefficient of R = 0.9866, and for the Syrah variety it is logarithmic at R= 1.0000. Promising possibilities and ways of developing digital (mathematical) models characterizing individual varieties or groups of varieties by origin according to their productivity, depending on edaphoclimatic conditions, production technology, as well as quality parameters of manufactured products are considered.