Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

A method for creation of a complex map of potentially low, average and high phytosanitary risk for cultivation of fruit crops by unification of initial maps with AxioVision program is offered for the first time. Initial maps of harmfulness zones executed in a uniform format were selected from the project Agroatlas, which were compiled for 50 species of specialized pest arthropods that had the greatest economic value in the territory of the former Soviet Union during the last decades.

Annotation

The cherrybark moth Enarmonia formosana (Tortricidae) causes significant damage to the trunks of fruit crops ( hawthorn, apple, cherry, pear, etc.) in the southern regions of Russia and the countries of southern and central Europe. The phenology of the cherrybark moth in the Leningrad Region has not been studied enough, which determined the purpose of this study. Pheromone monitoring of the flight dynamics of the Enarmonia formosana was carried out in the experimental orchard of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University (Pushkin district) and in the orchard �Skrebovo� (Luga district) in 2008-2009 and 2020-2021. Pheromone materials produced by JSC Shchelkovo Agrokhim (Shchelkovo, Moscow Region) were used, including synthetic sex attractants. Pheromone traps were placed in orchards according to the standard procedure, randomized in triplicate. As a result of trapping moths in conditions of the Leningrad region, a low number (29-31 moths per season) in 2008-2009, an outbreak of mass reproduction (524 moths) in 2020 and moderate development of the pest under the influence of seasonal abiotic factors in 2021 (297 moths) were revealed. The cherrybark moth flight dynamics in those years has been studied in detail. It is assumed that due to the continuing trends of climatic anomalies, the likelihood of a recurrence of favorable weather conditions for the cherrybark moth outbreak in orchards of the Leningrad Region is increasing. Original research and analysis of the literature have found that the cherrybark moth began to occupy a prominent place in the complex of orchard pests under the conditions of the north-west of the Russian Federation.

Annotation

Aphids (Aphidoidea), the representatives of the order Hemiptera, are among the main sugescent pests of orchard agrobiocenoses in Russia. The species composition and aphid population dynamics was studied in the educational and experimental fruit orchard of the St. Petersburg State Agrarian University (SPbSAU) (Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg) and at the State Variety Testing Station "Skreblovo" (Luga district of the Leningrad region) in 2019-2020, using Malaise traps. In the 2019-2020 growing seasons, 19 species of aphids were caught in the orchard of SPbSAU. Of these, 6 species are specialized pests of fruit and berry crops (Brachycaudus helichrysi, Cryptomyzus ribis, Hyperomyzus rinanthi, Rhopalosiphum insertum, Ovatus crataegarius, Macrosiphum rosae), 7 species are pests of other agricultural crops, and 5 species feed on various tree species. In total, 44 individuals (17 species) were caught in 2019, and 58 individuals (6 species) in 2020. In 2020, 3 species with a total number of 89 individuals were registered at the State Variety Testing Station "Skreblovo". The greater number of recorded insects in the Luga district is explained by the warmer climate of this region. A significant influence of weather conditions on the aphid population dynamics was revealed, especially in late May � June and in August � September. It is noted that the Malaise trap has its advantage over the electric suction trap in that it can be quickly installed in any agrocenosis, while the suction trap is stationary. Therefore, the Malaise trap can be recommended as one of the methods for monitoring aphids.

Annotation

Due to the high harmfulness of aphids in fruit and berry complexes and the poor knowledge of their life activity in the North-West region of Russia for three years 2019-2020 monitoring of their species composition and population dynamics was carried out in the educational and experimental orchard of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University (SPbSAU) (Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg). Insect trapping was carried out with a Malaise trap. Nineteen species have been marked and identified, of which 6 are direct pests of fruit and berry crops. Five species damage field crops; the life cycle of six species is associated mainly with non-fruit trees and shrubs of the region; the remaining two species feed on weedage. The largest number of species was noted in 2019 � 17; in 2020 and 2021 � 6. At the same time, 2021 is the leader in terms of the number of identified individuals, moreover, mass capture was associated with the species Euceraphis punctipennis Zett. Species quite rare in the region, the Oxton aphid Hyperomyzus picridis Börn. and large thistle aphid Uroleucon sonchi L. were noted. Regularities in the dynamics of the number of insects during the growing season were analyzed. The largest number of aphids in the trap in 2019�2020 recorded in August-September, the period of their remigration to the primary hosts. In 2021, the maximum number of insects was observed at the end of May, due to migration to secondary hosts. The impact of weather anomalies in 2021 on the vital activity of phytophages was assessed. The largest number of aphids was observed in May due to high air temperature with sufficient precipitation. A further increase in temperature in June with absence or low total precipitation, significantly reduced the number of insect populations. The Malaise trap proved to be quite effective when used for monitoring aphids; its advantages lie in the fact that the trap can be installed at any point of any agrocenoses, is not stationary and is convenient for material selection.