Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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The article presents the results of studying of damage factors effect on the state and productivity of apple plants depending on variety, the crown formation system and density of planting into intensive orchards in the south of Russia.

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As a result of study of a nutritious mode of dwarf fructifying plum of Stenley variety the influence of system of application of fertilizers and biologically active substances on productivity of plants in the Krasnodar region conditions is established.

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Now the relevance of resource-saving technologies increased in the gardening on the basis of the crown providing the decrease in labor input at their formation, the reduce of costs for harvesting and protection of plants against wreckers and diseases. The materials of article are the result of 10 years research on determination of parameters of labor expenses and efficiency of the fructifying intensive plantings of an apple-tree on rootstocks of M9, CK3, CK4 with a density of placement of plants from 1000 to 4167 pieces/hectare and the systems of crown formation "spindle-shaped" and "crown-row". Annually under the conditions of a field experiment we carried out the system of the methods of impact on crown providing the optimization of the light mode of plants. We determined by method of time supervision the time expenses and weighed the mass of the trees cut-off wood, and defined the productivity and efficiency of technological production cycle of fruits production. As a result of research it was defined that at carrying out of annual cutting an apple-tree Aydared and Pikubanskoye on rootstock of M9 the highest rates of labor productivity are received. In the same options also the highest productivity of trees, stability of fructification by years was observed. Profitability of fruits production makes 156,4-234,3%. The analysis of labor costs on carrying out of forming cutting of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK3 the Aydared and Simirenkovets revealed the considerable economy of resources and the minimum mass of the cut-off wood. The greatest expenses of work are fixed on the cutting of apple-tree trees of Dean Art and Zarnitsa. One of the main reserves of economy of resources at cultivation of an intensive garden of an apple-tree on rootstock of CK4 are the extent of cutting of trees (from 15 to 50% of the deleted wood with shortening of the central shoot at the height of 150 and 170 cm) and stability of fructification when rationing loading of fruits ranging from 60 to 80 on the tree.

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The purpose of research is development of scientific based system of processing methods of plum cultivation with steady big harvest on different rootstocks for intensive technologies that is the important instrument of import substitution; selection of optimal systems of crown formation for the concrete scion-rootstock's combinations that allows you to reduce the labor input of works, this system reduces the costs of harvesting and positively influences on the maximal realization of biological potential of plants. For conditions of the South of Russia the system of effective processing methods of industrial plum production on weak growing and middle growing rootstocks within the implementation of the Doctrine of food security of Russia is developed and approved. In research the rootstocks which are the most demanded in the South of Russia, including the new domestic breeding clonal rootstocks of BS-2 (VIR Krymsk station) and PKG-25-1 (NCRRIH&V) are used. In the course of four years' work the most rational parameters are determined and also the system of crown formation of trees of various growth force providing the optimization of physiological condition of plants. The responsiveness of various scion-rootstock's plum combinations of Stenly on intra soil and leaf top dressing is studied, the scheme of measures for protection of plants against vermins and diseases is offered. Efficiency of the offered system of processing methods is confirmed with increase in productivity of plantings on average for 2,7-4,4%, in comparison with the production technological scheme of plum cultivation accepted in the economy; decrease in prime cost of a unit of production by 2,6-6,7%; decrease in technogenic impact on the soil by 10-15%; receiving considerable additional profit (from 72,4 to 89,9 thousand rubles/hectare); increase in profitability of fruits production (for 7,73-12,9 %).

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The results of the estimation of productivity of different constructions of plum plantation on the cherry plum rootstock and analysis of pruning costs depending to the systems of crown formation are presented