Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Pestova Nina
Articles in journal: (total 5)
The analysis of the chemical composition of the apple-tree fruits depending on the level of root nourishment in the intensive plant-ings, on the basis of the results of agrochemical research in the course of experiments with fertilizer of fruit crops is carried out. The equations of dependence between the content of mineral elements in the apple-tree fruit and the content of total forms of elements in the leaves in connection with the level of a root nourish-ment are received.
Local use of mineral fertilizers with a fertigation of fruit plantings leads to essential change of agrichemical soil properties and formation in the soil of the centers of increased nutrients concentration. Therefore when we calculate the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agrichemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction. The purpose of research is to determine the change conformity to natural low of levels of an apple-tree providing with available nutrient elements in a zone of mineral fertilizers localization during a small-volume irrigation. The research were carried out under the conditions of unstable moistening of Krasnodar Region. The experience was started in the industrial apple-tree plantings on a dwarf M9 rootstock. The various norms of mineral fertilizers were introduced on the plots: fertigation norm of N30P4K20; fertigation norm of N45P6K30; fertigation norm of N60P8K40. It is found that increasing in norm of mineral fertilizers introduction led to increase in nutrient concentration in a zone of mineral fertilizer localization. It is determined that the local introduction of mineral fertilizers during fertigation on the plots with the increased background nutrient providing is irrationally. The optimization of conditions of the water and food modes during fertigation on the experimental plots promoted the increase in productivity of Champion apple-tree on 4,8-11,0 t/hectare and Prikubanskoye apple-trees - on 4,2-4,9 t/hectare. The conclusion follows that it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agric and chemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction when we calculate of the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers. It will allow to correct the doses of their introduction taking into account the level of the soil providing of nutrient elements and will decrease in the environmental load.
The increase of anthropogenic load on the farmland soil is connected with process of production intensification. There is a need for accumulation and systematization of soil and agric-chemical indicators of lands under a garden monoculture. We researched the contents of macro- and microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of a gray forest-steppe soil of a foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in the fruit garden. Research are carried out by means of standard techniques and State standard specifications. The maintenance of mobile forms of microelements is defined in an extract of acetate-ammonium buffer, the definitions were carried out using the nuclear and emission spectrophotometer Optima 2100 DV. It is established that for the concrete water and thermal mode of the region, in the borders of a garden of landing 2012, the content of organic substance, exchanging cations and the indicators of soil solution acidity is typical for this subtype of chernozems. It is defined that the content and distribution of mobile forms of basic mineral elements in the garden soil are characterized by low supply of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and average potassium ensuring, thus the maintenance of elements considerably decreases down a soil profile. The analysis of experimental data shows that the spreading of mobile forms of manganese and zinc in the garden borders considerably varies, the average indexes of content of copper mobile forms have the close values. The considerable distinctions within one horizon on different elements of a garden relief are revealed. Essential distinctions are shown in the content of water-soluble borum within the analyzed soil horizons, at close average values of the layers contents. Distribution of the mobile iron forms in the studied soil profile increases with depth, but there is a considerable variation of quantitative indicator's values within the soil horizons.
The role of chemical diagnostics of plants nutrition increases in connection with expansion of the range of the special complex mineral fertilizers used for foliar application. This fact assumes a continuation of system research in the field of identification of optimal parameters of the elements maintenance in the indicator plants organs in interrelation with productivity. We carried out the research directed on identification of dynamics and parameters of macro- and microelements content in the leaves of fruit-bearing apple-tree depending on a stage of individual plants development and constructional features of an agric cenosis. The object of research are an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye and Rennet Simirenko on M9 and CK4 rootstocks, with the different scheme of trees placement. Study of dynamics of an apple-tree nutritious mode was carried out using the standard techniques. The maintenance of microelements was determined using the nuclear and emission Optima 2100 DV spectrophotometer. It is established that for an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage the dynamics of the basic mineral elements maintenance is characterized by decrease in the indexes (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium) and reduction of their values range. During the second half of vegetation, when trees placement is more dense in a garden (4,5 x 0,9 m), the higher content of calcium, iron, manganese in the leaves was observed. For an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage, when trees food area reduces from 10 sq.m to 7,5 sq.m the high content in the leaves of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium is observed. The received experimental material will become a basis for establishment of interrelations in a system "soil perennial plant", and also for development of the differentiated system of an apple-tree fertilizer.
In the fruit plantations cultivated on intensive technologies, in order to obtain the objective data on the supply of soils with food elements, it is necessary to use the improved methodological approaches to assess the parameters of soil fertility and the application of original method for selecting the soil samples for following analytic research. The purpose of our research is to find the patterns of changes in the parameters of soil fertility of industrial apple plantations cultivated with regular local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume irrigation. As a result of soil-agrochemical study of fruit plantings on alluvial-meadow soils, a significant change in the parameters of soil fertility was established in case of local application of mineral fertilizers and low-volume soil moisture. It is shown when fertigation in the places of local fertilizing the movable phosphorus content in the 0-30 cm layer of apple garden soil increased in 98,3-251,1 mg / kg soil, and exchangeable potassium in 66-421 mg / kg soil; as compared with the areas outside the area of mineral fertilizers localization. The changes found in the levels of soil provision with nutrients should be taken into account when planning the fertilizers system in the perennial plantations cultivated on intensive technologies. The result of research show that the long-term use of drip irrigation in the industrial apple orchards has led to the accumulation of soluble salts (especially sodium ions), to alkalization and qualitative change in the content of exchangeable cations in the soil-absorbing complex in the areas of local soil moisture. To reduce the negative impact of irrigation on the soil properties, it is expedience to use the physiologically acidic fertilizers during irrigation of apple garden, and also to carry out the periodic neutralization of irrigation water by acid.