Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The increase of anthropogenic load on the farmland soil is connected with process of production intensification. There is a need for accumulation and systematization of soil and agric-chemical indicators of lands under a garden monoculture. We researched the contents of macro- and microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of a gray forest-steppe soil of a foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in the fruit garden. Research are carried out by means of standard techniques and State standard specifications. The maintenance of mobile forms of microelements is defined in an extract of acetate-ammonium buffer, the definitions were carried out using the nuclear and emission spectrophotometer Optima 2100 DV. It is established that for the concrete water and thermal mode of the region, in the borders of a garden of landing 2012, the content of organic substance, exchanging cations and the indicators of soil solution acidity is typical for this subtype of chernozems. It is defined that the content and distribution of mobile forms of basic mineral elements in the garden soil are characterized by low supply of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and average potassium ensuring, thus the maintenance of elements considerably decreases down a soil profile. The analysis of experimental data shows that the spreading of mobile forms of manganese and zinc in the garden borders considerably varies, the average indexes of content of copper mobile forms have the close values. The considerable distinctions within one horizon on different elements of a garden relief are revealed. Essential distinctions are shown in the content of water-soluble borum within the analyzed soil horizons, at close average values of the layers contents. Distribution of the mobile iron forms in the studied soil profile increases with depth, but there is a considerable variation of quantitative indicator's values within the soil horizons.

Annotation

The basis of rational distribution of fruit crops is the principle of consistency between their requirements to soil conditions and soil features on specific indicators: the level of salt content, moisture content, mechanical composition, density, and others. In this regard, the study and evaluation of soil and nvironmental conditions using the perspective methods of accounting and systematization of information on specific fruit farms and orchards quarters are very actual. For the territory of Krasnodar Region the content and depth of the carbonate - one of the limiting factors of growth of fruit crops (except apricot) were analyzed. The forecast of optimal placement of fruit crops depending on soil conditions was carried out with the help of geographic information technologies (GIS) based on computer databases spatially coordinated data, coupled with special software and hardware for data entry, storage and multipurpose analysis. On the basis of GIS the computer maps were built, reflecting the soil properties for each indicator were created. As a result of the work it is carried out the systematization of soil and resource data for the Krasnodar Region on the indicators of gardens suitability based on data bases (DB), coupled with the special software and hardware. The results of our work are presented on the example of identifying areas with a high content of CaCO3 in the soil layers at depths of up to 1 m across the region. The computer maps for ecologically accurate and economically viable placement of fruit types on the macrozones in the landscape are created.

Annotation

The various aspects and prospects of development of the design and estimate documentation regulating the main stages of laying and operation of perennial fruit plantations are considered. The relevance of the problem of a systematic approach to the complex of works related to the establishment of new modern and reconstruction of extensive perennial fruit plantations is determined by the legislative framework and the relevant Resolutions of the regional administration, as well as measures aimed at increasing in the production of high-quality fruit and berry products in the Krasnodar Territory. The tendencies of growth by years of the area of fruit plantations, laid by small agricultural enterprises that play an important role in the market economy, and diversified farms (secondary, additional industry), in almost all municipalities of the Krasnodar Territory, including on soils conditionally suitable for gardening, are revealed. In this regard, the responsibility of horticultural enterprises and industry specialists is increasing for the effective use of agricultural land allotted for a monoculture of a garden and the level of profitability of plantations, which is closely related to the design parameters of laid gardens. The tasks of design and estimate activities necessary to optimize the process of developing energy-resource-saving technological solutions have been determined. Constructive measures are proposed that are necessary for further optimization of work related to the development of pre-project documentation: systematization of data characterizing the prospects for the development of the fruit-growing industry depending on the zonal soil and climatic specifics (zonal and microzonal features), creation of an electronic database of horticultural soil resources of the region and their systematization according to agrochemical prpherties and type content and others. The prospects of work of the design and technological, search and design bureau of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW on the basis of systematization of working materials using electronic databases are outlined.