Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Republic of North Ossetia � a region of mountains with a huge variety of climate, soil and topography. Its natural potential has been used long for growing of fruit crops. But always one of the factors that affect their productiveness, was the low temperature of winter and spring period. At present in connection with climate change a new limiting factors (frequency and amplitude) manifest (in time and space). Response of fruit crops to changes in weather phenomena manifests itself in the form of imbalance of phenological phases of development, since their change the discrepancy between the rhythm of development of plants in phases with a new environment manifests. The analysis of occurrence of absolute minimum temperature in December, January, February and March in various areas of Nortn Ossetia is carried out. Ontogenetic adaptation of peach species to winter-spring temperatures in Republic North Ossetia (on the phases of growth) was studied. It was reviled that temperature conditions for the last 10 years have become more severe and march has become warmer. It was increased the probability of winter damage of generative peach buds out of profound peace, has increased, and the probability of death of future yields from spring frosts has diminished.

Annotation

The basis of rational distribution of fruit crops is the principle of consistency between their requirements to soil conditions and soil features on specific indicators: the level of salt content, moisture content, mechanical composition, density, and others. In this regard, the study and evaluation of soil and nvironmental conditions using the perspective methods of accounting and systematization of information on specific fruit farms and orchards quarters are very actual. For the territory of Krasnodar Region the content and depth of the carbonate - one of the limiting factors of growth of fruit crops (except apricot) were analyzed. The forecast of optimal placement of fruit crops depending on soil conditions was carried out with the help of geographic information technologies (GIS) based on computer databases spatially coordinated data, coupled with special software and hardware for data entry, storage and multipurpose analysis. On the basis of GIS the computer maps were built, reflecting the soil properties for each indicator were created. As a result of the work it is carried out the systematization of soil and resource data for the Krasnodar Region on the indicators of gardens suitability based on data bases (DB), coupled with the special software and hardware. The results of our work are presented on the example of identifying areas with a high content of CaCO3 in the soil layers at depths of up to 1 m across the region. The computer maps for ecologically accurate and economically viable placement of fruit types on the macrozones in the landscape are created.

Annotation

The results of study on drought resistance of nine varieties of apricot (Bratskiy, Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgiyevskiy, Orlik Stavropolya, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) under the conditions of rigid drought in the territory of Krasnodar Region are presented in this article. It is revealed that differences in water content in leaf tissue of studied apricot varieties are small, their range is from 66% to 70%. By analysis of variance the intervarietal variability on signs of drought resistance of an apricot is established. Two varieties which maintain the conditions of long effect of high temperatures were selected as a result of carried out research. It is analyzed the condition of seven apricot varieties of (Verniy, New Jersey, Stavropolskiy Molodezhniy, Georgyevskiy, Reklamniy, Melitopolskiy Ranniy, Svetlogradskiy) on signs of productivity to assess their stability to unfavorable factors which are appear in ontogenesis under the influence of the external environment. It is established that the genotype of the studied apricot varieties statistically authentically influences on everything studied productivity signs. without exception Existence of variability on productivity signs between the studied varieties is proved. As a result of carried research on a basis of complex of signs of drought resistance the apricot varieties of New Jersey and Reklamny which should be attracted as parental forms at inter varieties hybridization are selected. The essential contribution to gene typical distinctions of studied apricot varieties according to productivity was made by next signs: mass of a fruit, a yield from a tree, quantity of fruits.

Annotation

For each administrative territories of the North Caucasus the criterions of the forecast of repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures are developed early. The simplified system of forecasting of fructification regularity of fruit crops in the South of Russia on limiting factors of winter and spring periods with use of graphic and mathematical models is offered. However, the placement of fruit crops in the South of Russia does not always correspond to climatic conditions, first of all � to the winter and spring periods. The purpose of our work is development of meteorological criterions for an assessment of areas of apricot cultivation. Objects of research are meteorological indicators of winter and spring periods in the various administrative regions of the North Caucasus. The research are carried out using a technique of estimation of climatic winter conditions for fruit crops in the Crimea. To resolve the question of fruit crop's placement in the concrete region of the North Caucasus, we defined the repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures. The calculations of their repeatability are presented as nomograms that allow to reveal the structure of average values for the whole entire period of observation. The offered nomograms allow to define the probability of critical minimum temperature in any point of the North Caucasus and to predict a regularity of fruit crop's fruiting according to their overwintering. It is possible to define the probability of fruit crops ruin with use of offered nomograms in any region of the North Caucasus from adverse conditions of winter and spring periods. In this research the probability of ruin of apricot floral buds from sharp temperature fluctuations in January � February under conditions of Krasnodar is calculated and the possible frost resistance of apricot plants in this area is defined.