Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The main grapes production in the Russian Federation are concentrated under an unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. However, it is known when there is the deviation of habitat conditions from the optimal values, the grapes plants are in the stress, the processes of differentiation of embryonic inflorescences are broken, the productive zone of the shoots carrying the potential harvest of grapes is replaced. Under these conditions the special agronomic solutions to manage the stress resistance of vineyards are required. The purpose of this work is to establish the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting and to optimize the parameters of the pruning length of the grapes shoots. The object of the study is the most common grapes variety of Aligoté. The study were carried out in the different agrical-ecological zones of covered and not covered viticulture under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia. Embryonic grapes fruitage was determined in a period of deep (physiological) retire, using the microscopy method of central wintering buds on the shoots. Long-term observations show that the embryonic fruiting of Aligote grapes depends not only on the temperature conditions of cultivating place, it was also noted the variation of this ratio along the length of the shoot. In the process of our research the regularities of changes in the embryonic fruiting are found and the regulation of pruning length of Aligote grapes with the determination of the optimal length of shoots are optimized. According to the obtained results the coefficient of the embryonic fruitfulness of studied cultivars varies from 1.30 to 1.47 and has a close dependence on average daily temperature. Based on the results of the experiment we concluded that plantations of Aligote grapes will have the greatest economic productivity when the shoots pruning of plants is on 9 buds.

Annotation

The most accurate criterion for determining of the length of the grapes shoots pruning is the productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences. To obtain a high yield when pruning, it is necessary to leave the area of shoot with the maximum number of embryonic flower clusters and to remove the less productive zone. Productive zone of the embryonic inflorescences varies according to the length of the shoot and depends on the biology of the species. Pruning, maintaining the productive zones of the shoots race, contributes to the solution of the actual problem for the providing of stable development of the viticulture industry. The aim of this work is to found the conformity to natural lows of embryonic inflorescences forming and to optimize the pruning length of shoots of Pervenets Magaracha grapes. Long study in the field (for 11 years) has carried out under the unstable weather conditions of moderate continental climate of the South of Russia in the central viticulture zone of Krasnodar Region. The object of research is the technical grapes of Pervenets Magaracha. Embryonic fruiting of plants was determined in a period of plants deep rest by microscopy of central wintering buds on the shoots of the grapes. The research re-vealed the conformity to natural lows of differentiated forming embryonic inflorescences along the shoots length of the studied grapes varieties. The fruiting coefficient (K1) of embryonic shoots in the central buds varied by years in the range of 0.8 to 1.78, the productivity coefficient (K2)varied from 1,37 to 1,52. On average for the 11 years of observation, these indicators are, respectively, 1.4 and 1.6. It is shown that the number of embryonic inflorescences and also the coefficients of fructification and fruitfulness increase when the bads are far from the base of the shoots. The highest values of the coefficients are in the area of 9-10 buds. To get the most fruitage of Pervenets Magaracha grapes it is recommended the long pruning of fruit shoots for 10 buds.

Annotation

In the pilot study on vineyards of the Rostov Region it is established that by optimization of the scheme of bushes planting the efficiency of lands use and the efficiency of plantings productivity are increasing. In case of dense landing it is possible to receive the required amount of grapes from the smaller area of plantings. Considering the relevance of a problem of rational use of land resources in the productional process of grapes and insufficient study of influence of the scheme of bushes planting in the perennial plantings, we have set the object is to reveal the optimal scheme and density of bushes planting using the criterions of productivity for increase in efficiency of use of land resources in the wine growing branch. The reliable influence of the different scheme and density of bushes landing to change of efficiency of grapes plantings under the agric and ecological conditions of the Black Sea area of viticulture of the South of Russia is established. The research are carried out on Riesling Rhine vineyards in the stationary two factorial field experiment with a different width of row-spacings and different distance between bushes under the conditions of the increased solar insolation, uneven falling of atmospheric precipitations and their deficit during the main periods of vegetation. Under the abnormal weather conditions the vineyards were put according to the scheme 3,5×1,0 and 3,0×1,5 meters have the greatest efficiency. In these options at the density of planting of 2857 and 2222 bushes on hectare the productivity of grapes was the greatest, on average is 12,25 t/hectare. Receiving the same harvest with other schemes of bushes planting will require to use the bigger land area. It convincingly proves the need of application of the optimized ways of bushes grapes planting for effective use of land resources in the agricultural production.

Annotation

The degree of defeat of grapes plants by harmful organisms depends on biological features of the cultivated varieties and their adaptive potential and efficiency of protective measures. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region now there are about 30 harmful organisms capable to destroy more than 10% of a harvest and even to cause the death of bushes. The wine prepared from grapes of the sick bushes is worse on qualitative indexes that the wine materials from grapes of healthy bushes. Our task is to study the influence of the scheme of planting of Riesling grapes bushes on a phytosanitary condition of plantings. Adaptive reaction of plants in case of different schemes of landing was researched. Research is carried out under the agric-ecological conditions of the Black Sea area, the central subband of wine growing of Krasnodar Region (Anapa). The observations of a phytosanitary condition of grapes plants during their vegetation we carried out using a technique of evaluation of varieties resistance to the dominating harmful organisms. In the article the results of studying of a susceptibility of plants to harmful organisms at the different density of landing of Riesling grapes bushes are presented. The steady tendency of spreading and strengthening of intensity of mildew development is established in case of increase in density of bushes planting. The greatest spread and intensity of disease development were observed in the grapes plantings in case of density of bushes planting 2,0 × 1,0 m, the smallest spread - at the landing density of bushes - 3,5 × 2,0 m. It is shown that degree of grapes defeat increases in case of decrease of row-spacings width from 3,5 to 2,0 m and in case of decrease of distance between bushes from 2,0 to 1,0 m, irrespective of row-spacings width.

Annotation

Experimental studies are suggested that ta-ble varieties of grapes are most responsive to their holding on the large form of bushes. Productivity of bushes formed by the type Ombrella and DZHZ increased by 1,5-3 times by improving the use of photosynthetically active radiation