Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Ecological protection was gained the development as the direction of integrated protection of fruit plants. Ecological protection foresees the use of the less ecologically dangerous means of protection, the moderate use of biologically active agents is sometimes possible also. The concept of ecological protection for industrial apple-tree gardens of the Southern Region of Russian Federation is developed by E.S. Sugonyaev. This concept is adapted for conditions of the southern region and it allows to receive fruits crop of commodity quality without use of chemical organic-synthetic pesticides of a wide range of action. Various approaches and methods of ecological protection of apple-tree gardens were tested in our research in the field experiments conducted in the gardens of intensive type of the Experimental farm "Kuban" of the Kuban State Agrarian University in 2007-2013. During carrying out of the program of ecological management (PEM) the main attention was paid to value of alternation of preparations and methods with various or similar properties. The application of compositions of bioregulators and biological products in the tank mixes is the basis of PEM. It is established that the application of ecologically low dangerous means of apple-tree protection promotes the activity of regulation of harmful insect's species at the biocenosis. The conducted experiments to stabilize of ecosystem of apple-tree garden showed that 3-4 treatments by regulator's growth and development of insects in composition with biological preparations provide the protection of fruits crop against codling moth. The conclusion follows that the application in the apple-tree gardens of low toxic biological preparations, and also regulators of growth and development of insects, leads to increase of biological diversity of entomologic fauna and it promotes the stabilization of an agric system and the activity of natural regulation of number of harmful species of insects.

Annotation

Now in the connection with a solution of the problem of import substitution the gardeners of the South of Russia have a task to increase in volumes of fruits production. However the solution of this task is restrained by frequent manifestation of weather stressors, including the intensity of a temperature factor. The purpose of research is to prove by phisiological and biochemical methods the prospects and terms of boric acid use for increase in productivity of stone fruit crops in the years, various on weather conditions, including the manifestation of low temperatures during the winter and spring period. Sweet cherry varieties of Frantsis and Kavkazskaya on sweet cherry seedlings and plum varieties of Stenly and Prikubanskaya on cherry plum seedlings are studied. It is revealed the positive influence of boron on economic efficiency of Frantsis sweet cherry: the autumn and spring processings of trees of boric acid have provided the increase in productivity by 14-17%. The similar data have been obtained also when processing of plum. Autumn processing of plum trees by boric acid causes the increase in RNA content for 5-7% in the top buds of one year shoots. It is shown that under the conditions of the Southern Region of the Russian Federation the processing of sweet cherry and plum trees by boric acid in autumn and spring terms exerts the positive impact on generative activity of plants. Increase in productivity is provided due to increase in quantity of flowers on a tree (at autumn processing) and efficiency of fertilization (at spring processing). The positive influence of boric acid (processing in the spring) on preservation of viable pollen when temperature stressor action (spring frosts) is established. The various reaction of varieties to processing is revealed.

Annotation

The research is devoted to the study of the influence of spring period low positive temperatures on the peculiarities of the apple trees winter varieties development in plantings of different type to substantiate the possibility of assessing the degree of their resistance to an unfavorable factor and agrotechnical approaches to its improvement. The laboratory and field experiments (2021-2022) were carried out in traditional and organic apple tree plantations of the third and fourth age periods that were laid down in the experimental training farm �Kuban� of the Kuban State Agrarian University (leached chernozem soils). According to the observations results, in the spring months of recent years in the southern region of Russia, a manifestation of hypothermia was noted, coinciding with the passage of the VI (micro- and macrosporogenesis) � VIII; IX (completion of gametogenesis, flowering and fertilization) stages of organogenesis in apple plants. The resistance of apple trees (Liberty, Florina varieties) to the action of low positive temperatures is determined by the ability of the plant organism to restrain the development of generative buds when unfavorable conditions occur. Plant stability manifestation is promoted by the use of the organic garden management system that ensures maximum implementation of self-regulation mechanisms of its components. At the same time, within the framework of traditional plantings, apple trees of various varieties (for example, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Renet Simirenko) are less able to withstand adverse effects. It is determined that the application of spring foliar top dressing with organic fertilizer �Chelate Antistress� against the background of the manifestation of the temperature stress factor optimizes the photosynthetic activity of plants and the distribution of plastic substances between vegetative growth and the process of productivity formation, leading to a sharp weakening of the first � third waves of the forming ovaries and fruits falling, and as a result, a significant (20-28 %) increase in the economic yield and a decrease in the periodicity of fruiting.