Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The directed foliar nutrition of fruit trees with available macro-and microelements in the certain period of vegetation in the connection with forecast stress-factors promote the activation of complex of protective-adaptive modifications in a plant organism. As the result, the optimization of lifetime processes is achieved in the different phases of growth and development and lastly � the a more complete expression of their potential productivity even in adverse environmental conditions

Annotation

In the European part of the South of Russia the droughts and high air temperatures during the summer are the major stressful factors of environment of fruit crops cultivation. In the organic gardens the use of chemicals is excluded, therefore the specific methods of decrease in adverse effect of various stressors on plants have to be used. The purpose of our research is the selection of an optimumal way of the soil maintenance in the row-space of not irrigated organic apple-tree garden providing the optimization of growth and fruitage of plants under the conditions of moisture deficit and intensity of a thermal factor during the summer period. The zoned Florina apple-tree, immune to a scab, on MM106 rootstock is taken for study. It is studied the ways of soil maintenance in the row-space of an organic garden: black steam, turf alternate row, turf interrow. Indicators of growth and a water exchange of plants are determined using the standard methods. As a result of the carried out research the expediency of introduction in the not irrigated organic apple-tree gardens of the Kuban zone of natural growing herbs sowing alternate row is based. This way of garden soil maintenance provides the increase in resistance of apple-tree plants to abiotic stressors of summer period and the stabilization of generative activity of plants. When we use the system of soil maintenance "sowing of grass alternate row-space" the moderate growth of shoots is noted interfaced to moderate and rather stable fruitage at the level of 23-26 t/hectare. Average apple productivity in this option of experience is 28,0% higher, than in control, and 27,3% more, than in "sowing inter row-space" option. Thus the conditions of trees lighting are improved, the favorable combination of indicators of the water and temperature modes of the soil is created, the efficiency of photosynthetic activity of plants increases.

Annotation

The influence of layout schemes on the peculiarities of the production process of apple plants of the varieties Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious Rangers, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Gala and Fuji grafted on a dwarf rootstock M9 was studied. The experiments were carried out in 2016-2019 in high-density plantations of apple trees planted in 2016 with application of intensive cultivation technology under the conditions of the Kuban educational farm �Kuban� in the Kuban horticultural zone. Three layout schemes were studied in the experiment: 4,0 × 1,5 m (control), 4,0 × 1,0 m, 4,0 × 0,5 m. Start of the period of marketable fruiting of apple plantations was noted in the third year after the garden was laid. It was found that when the plantings were compacted, the formation of generative buds was activated. The greatest number of useful ovaries in apple plants of all studied varieties was formed with the control layout scheme 4.0 × 1.5 m, which affected the productivity of plants - the highest yield (kg/tree). The difference with the experimental variants was 11,2�51,2 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 0,5 m); up to 13,4 % (with a layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m). However, under conditions of maximum compaction (4,0 × 0,5 m), the yield of plants (t/ha) was higher by 27,2-140,0 % in comparison with the control variant of the experiment. With the layout scheme of 4,0 × 1,0 m, the difference with the control was 25,0-85,0 %. It was noted that the compaction of plantations did not have a significant effect on the commercial quality of fruits � the average weight of fruits (150-246 g) did not decrease or decreased slightly relative to the control; also, no influence of the planting schemes on the sugar content in the fruits of apple plants was noted.

Annotation

The research is devoted to the study of the influence of spring period low positive temperatures on the peculiarities of the apple trees winter varieties development in plantings of different type to substantiate the possibility of assessing the degree of their resistance to an unfavorable factor and agrotechnical approaches to its improvement. The laboratory and field experiments (2021-2022) were carried out in traditional and organic apple tree plantations of the third and fourth age periods that were laid down in the experimental training farm �Kuban� of the Kuban State Agrarian University (leached chernozem soils). According to the observations results, in the spring months of recent years in the southern region of Russia, a manifestation of hypothermia was noted, coinciding with the passage of the VI (micro- and macrosporogenesis) � VIII; IX (completion of gametogenesis, flowering and fertilization) stages of organogenesis in apple plants. The resistance of apple trees (Liberty, Florina varieties) to the action of low positive temperatures is determined by the ability of the plant organism to restrain the development of generative buds when unfavorable conditions occur. Plant stability manifestation is promoted by the use of the organic garden management system that ensures maximum implementation of self-regulation mechanisms of its components. At the same time, within the framework of traditional plantings, apple trees of various varieties (for example, Kubanskoe bagryanoe, Renet Simirenko) are less able to withstand adverse effects. It is determined that the application of spring foliar top dressing with organic fertilizer �Chelate Antistress� against the background of the manifestation of the temperature stress factor optimizes the photosynthetic activity of plants and the distribution of plastic substances between vegetative growth and the process of productivity formation, leading to a sharp weakening of the first � third waves of the forming ovaries and fruits falling, and as a result, a significant (20-28 %) increase in the economic yield and a decrease in the periodicity of fruiting.