Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The modern market requires changing the assortment of raspberries to varieties that are more resistant to stress factors, high-yielding with high-quality berries. Breeding work in this regard is carried out mainly on materials from field gene banks, doublet in vitro and cryogenic collections. The problem of adaptation of test-tube plants during they transfer to natural environmental conditions is of interest. From the in vitro collection of VIR (St. Petersburg), the basic collection of the branch of the Maykop experimental station of VIR was transferred the rooted micro-plants of 15 raspberry varieties in order to study their viability in the field, estimation of the complex of economically valuable traits, resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors characteristic of the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea. In this report is described the characteristics of two-year-old ex vitro raspberry plants. All samples were studied according to a set of indicators. The state of the plants after overwintering was noted, the development phases were monitored, the yield and quality of the berries were taken into account, the drought and heat resistance, and the susceptibility to Septoria spot were evaluated. The methods of sample evaluation were generally accepted. Since the samples were transplanted into the natural environment, all test-tube plants have shown good survival rate. The condition of the raspberry samples after overwintering was estimated at 4.5-5.0 points. From the returned spring frosts (-3�-6 ºC) on the leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Bulgarski Rubin, damage up to 2 points was noted. Flowering and fruiting took place in the optimal time for 4-5 balls. The most active growth of new shoots (more than 2 m) was distinguished by the varieties Mandarin, �ulgarski Rubin, Cumberlend. Leaves of the varieties Gerakl, Zheltyi Gigant, Zhuravlik, Mandarin, Solnishko, Sputnitsa were affected by Septoria spot. In the field conditions of the environment ex vitro raspberry varieties adapt quite easily, grow and develop well, which allows to study their morpho-biological characteristics, identify valuable physiological and biochemical signs, and assess the degree of adaptability of samples to adverse factors in the Southern zone of Russia.

Annotation

The short history of berry crop`s collections creation in the branch Maykop Experimental Station of VIR is given. Species and varietal diversity of the genera Fragaria L., Rubus L., Ribes L., Grossularia Mill. is presented. The study of collection samples is carried out according to the generally accepted guidelines in the VIR. Particular attention is paid to plant condition of after wintering, phenological phases, growth and development, yield and quali-ty of berries, field assessment of resistance to hydrothermal stress, diseases and pests. It is shown that berry crops in the foothills of the Republic of Adygea generally overwinter well. The greatest damage is observed in severe and snowy winters, as well as under the influence of late spring frosts. For theoretical ground of some of the reasons for the decline in the yield and quality of berries the article reflects the results of the visual evaluation of plants, and their water exchange in an extremely hot and dry conditions. It was revealed that drought-and heat-resistant samples have increased water-holding capacity of leaves. According to visual observations, the resistance to summer stress factors manifest the thorn free blackberry varieties of Evergreen, Logan, Merton; and raspberry of Hussar, Shuntuk-skaya, Tarusa, Cumberland; black currants of Gracia, Lentyai, Kipiani, Uktus; red currant of Vica, Marmeladny; gooseberry of Besshipny and Houghton. The varieties of strawberry of local selection (Berchet, Kremlevskaya, Maikopskaya Rannya, Nelmes, Persikovaya, Predgornaya, Paryt, Shuntuk-skaya 6) and a number of introduced samples showed the field resistance to the complex of fungal diseases. Practically resistant to spots have the black currants of Delicates, Kipiani, Ladushka, R. americanum Mill. subsp. floridum ; red currant of Azora, Asya, Isumitelnaya, Krasnaya Andreichenko, Marmeladny; gooseberry � Haughton. Among blackberries are allocated: Agavam, Evergreen, Kittatinny, Whitford Thornless; raspberry � Turner, Shuntukskaya 6, Briliantovaya. When growing and compiling breeding programs for the Southern region of Russia, it is necessary to take into account the based characteristics of the studied samples.